Water and carbon facts

How much water on earth is freshwater

2.5%

How much water is in the global system

1.38 million km3

How much of the earths water is in oceans

97%

How much water is in the cryosphere

2%

How much water is in groundwater

1%

How much water is in rivers and lakes

0.01

How much water is in soil moisture

0.01%

How much water is in the atmosphere

<0.01%

How much water is in the biosphere

<0.01%

What are the tilts that earths axis changes between

22.2 and 24.5

How much has sea level risen since 1900

200mm

How fast does water flow in overland flow

50-500m/h

How fast does water flow in soil through flow

0.05-0.3m/h

How fast does water flow in a stream

300-10,000m/h

What are the three types of soil water

Gravitational water, capillary water and hygroscopic water

What are the three main outputs to the drainage basin

Chanel discharge, evaporation, evapotranspiration

Colorado river- after the construction of the glen canyon dam and the hoover dam, what happened to the river regime

The river regime has been made less complex

Colorado river- after the building of the dams, what happened to the mean annual flood

Reduced from 2264 cumecs to 764 cumecs

River ribble- drainage basin

Around 1,300 square miles

River ribble- annual rainfall

From 1775mm at the rivers source to less than 900mm near Preston

River ribble- human influences

Urbanisation, industry, agriculture

What caused the 2009 and 2015 Cumbrian floods

Excess overland flows

What effect does deforestation have on flood risk

It is higher as infiltration is 67 times higher under trees than under sheep pasture

Example of a flooding caused by snowmelt

The 2015 flooding of the river indus in Pakistan

Hurricane earl- effects

Surface runoff, overwhelming rivers and severe flooding in Belize, Honduras and Puerto Rico

Freetown, Sierra Leone-causes

Rapid urban growth, deforestation, steep slopes, compacted soil, intense rainfall

Freetown- Sierra Leone - effects

Mudslides and flash floods, killing over 1000 people and displacing thousands

Houston, hurricane Harvey - causes

Rapid urbanisation, impenetrable surfaces, stormwater drains, flat topography, loss of natural floodplains

Houston, hurricane Harvey- effects

Over 1 metre of rain in some areas, widespread urban flooding affecting over 100,000 homes