Chapter 10 and Chapter 11

Blood transports the gases _____ and _______.

oxygen, carbon dioxide

Blood transports _____ from digestive organs to cells.

nutrients

Blood transports _____ from cells to kidneys and sweat glands

wastes

Blood transports ______ from endocrine organs to cells.

hormones

Blood regulates ___________.

body temperature

Blood regulates _____ content of cells.

the water

Blood protects us by forming ______.

blood clots

________ work with the immune system

white blood cells

Functions of blood:

transportation, regulation, and protection

Blood is the only fluid ________.

connective tissue

Plasma is ____ water.

90%

55% of blood volume is ______.

plasma

Plasma is a ___-colored fluid

straw

Erythrocytes AKA ______

red blood cells

RBC carry ____ away from the lungs to all of the body cells.

oxygen

Carry ________ away from body cells to lungs.

carbon dioxide

RBC are ______.

anucleate

Anucleate=

without a nucleus

RBCs contain ______.

hemoglobin

Hemoglobin=

an iron-containing protein found in RBCs that binds to and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is the name of the shape of RBCs?

biconcave disks

Why is the shape important to the function of RBCs?

it increases the surface area of the RBC for greater gas transportation

Hematocrit=

the percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood

Anemia=

a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

Two ways to become anemic:

a lower than normal number of RBCs, abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs

SCA=

sickle cell anemia

What type of disorder is SCA?

genetic (not sex-linked)

Describe the shape of RBC with SCA

crescent or sickle shaped

Why do you see SCA most common in black people?

the gene mutation began in Africa and makes you immune to the parasite that cause malaria

The shape of RBC prevents the parasite ______, from dividing. Sickle shaped RBCs stick to the side of capillaries and stop the production of potassium, which is essential for the ______ to multiply.

plasmodium

Two ways that SCA is dangerous to RBC

the sickle shaped RBCs rupture easily and the sickle shaped RBCs clog up small blood vessels

Leukocytes AKA

white blood cells

What is crucial function of the WBCs?

They are crucial to body defense against disease

WBCs make up less than ___ of total blood volume

1%

What make WBCs the only complete cells in the blood?

Unlike RBCs and platelets, they are nucleate

Diapedesis means “leaping across”. What is diapedesis and why is this process important to the function of WBCs?

The ability of WBCs to slip in and out of blood vessels to kill invaders all over the body, not just in the circulatory system

Describe why the process of positive chemotaxis is important to the function of WBCs?

WBCs can move towards chemicals that are released by damaged cells

Leukocytosis refers to an increase in the number of leukocytes. What is leukocytosis generally a sign of?

Leukocytosis is generally a sign of bacterial or viral infection

What is leukopenia? What is leukopenia caused by?

Leukopenia is an abnormally low WBC count commonly caused by certain drugs, like steroids and chemotherapy

Leukemia is the ________________

Overproduction of WBCs

Why do platelets appear as irregularly shaped bodies under the microscope?

because they are pieces of cells

What is the function of platelets

platelets are needed for the blood clotting process

Hematopoiesis=

blood cell formation

Where does hematopoiesis occur?  Where is this tissue found in adults?

• Hematopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow

• In adults, red bone marrow is found in the flat bones of the skull and pelvis, the ribs, sternum and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur

What type of cell are hemocytoblasts?

stem cells

What types of cells do hemocytoblasts form?

Lymphoid stem cells (which form lymphocytes) and all formed elements (RBCs, WBCs and platelets)

Hemostasis means stopping ______.

Blood flow

Three major phases of hemostasis

platelet plug formation, vascular spasms, coagulation

Platelet plug formation

The platelets become sticky and cling to the damaged site. These platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets. These platelets form a small mass called a platelet plug.

Vascular spasms

The platelet plug releases the chemical, serotonin, which causes the injured blood vessels to spasm. These spasms constrict the injured blood vessels which decreases blood flow. This lowers the amount of blood loss.

Coagulation

There are 13 coagulation proteins that act as a cascade with one triggering the next. These proteins form the clot.

Hemophilia is a __________ disorder

sex-linked genetic

What causes the inability to form a clot?

A lack of one or more of the clotting proteins needed for coagulation.

Antigens:

anything that causes an immune response and proteins that are present on the surface of RBCs

Antibodies:

present to fight against a certain antigen

Antigen + antibody =

agglutination (blood clotting)

Rh=

An antigen on RBCs

Rh negative people do not normally make antibodies against __________. They only make the antibodies when they are exposed to the Rh antigen.

Rh positive blood

antibodies against Rh antigens will cause RBCs with the Rh antigen to ________.

agglutinate

The heart is located between the ____ directly behind the ______ and tilted so that the ____ is directly to the _____.

Lungs, sternum, apex, left

The heart beats over _______ times per day

100,000

The heart pumps over _____ gallons of blood per day

1,000

Myocardium=

The major part of the heart

The myocardium consists mostly of _____ muscle

cardiac

Pericardium=

a protective sac that covers the heart

What does the fluid that fills it prevent between the membranes of the pericardium as the heart beats?

The fluid that fills the pericardium prevents friction between the membranes as the heart beats

Where does the impulse for heart contraction originate?

the impulse for contraction originates in the muscle itself

Where is the sinoatrial located?

In the right atrial wall

The sinoatrial node is called the __________

pacemaker

What is the function of the sinoatrial node?

to start the electrical impulse which spreads across both atria

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

in the wall in between the right atrium and right ventricle

What is the function of the atrioventricular node?

Causes both ventricles to contract

Parasympathetic NS _____ the pacemaker

slows

Sympathetic NS _____ the pacemaker

stimulates

Epinephrine AKA

adrenaline

Epinephrine is produced by the ________

adrenal gland

Name some ways that epinephrine acts on the body during a “fight or flight response

causes blood vessels in the skin and abdominal organs to constrict, but causes vasodilation of the arteries feeding the skeletal muscles and heart which increases breathing and heart rate

Sinoatrial node AKA

SA node

Pulmonary circulation makes a loop from the ____ side of the heart to the lungs and back to the _____ side of the heart.

right, left

Pulmonary circulation function:

to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Systemic circulation makes a loop from the ____ side of the heart to the body and back to the ____ side of the heart.

left, right

Systemic circulation function: to carry _______ blood to the body.

Oxygenated

What is the job of the coronary arteries and veins?

To supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself because the heart muscle is not supplied by the blood in the chambers

What are murmurs?

A bubbling noise heard during a heart beat

How are murmurs caused?

They are caused by the noise made by the bubbling back of blood into the chamber that it just left because of the improper closure of a valve

Why are murmurs dangerous?

They are dangerous because the body isn’t getting the proper amount of oxygen

Tricuspid valve is located between the ____ atrium and the ___ ventricle

right, left

Tricuspid valve consists of _ flaps (cusps)

3

What is another name for the chordae tendineae?

heart strings

What is the job of the chordae tendineae?

open and close the flaps of the valves

Bicuspid valve is located between the ____ atrium and the ___ ventricle

left, left

Bicuspid valve consists of _ flaps (cusps)

2

What happens to the blood in the chambers when the AV Valves are open?

blood from atria goes into ventricles

What happens to the blood in the chambers when the AV Valves are closed?

blood from ventricles goes to attached blood vessels

The atria receives blood _______

from the body

Atria walls are ______

thinner

Why are atria walls thinner?

The atria need only enough cardiac muscle tissue to deliver the blood to the ventricles.

The ventricles receive blood _______

from inside the heart

____ two chambers of the heart

lower

Walls are _____ than atria

thicker