APUSH Ch. 8 Vocab: PART 2

Manumission

the legal act of relinquishing property rights in slaves. Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery, the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 manumission law in 1792

Coastal trade

the domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley

Inland system

the slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South

“Positive good”

in 1837, South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun argued on the floor of the Senate that slavery was not a necessary evil, but a positive good, “indispensable to the peace and happiness” of blacks and whites alike

Paternalism

the ideology held by slave owners who committed themselves to the welfare of their slaves

Machine tools

machines that made standardized metal parts for other machines, like textile looms and sewing machines. The development of machine tools by American inventors in the early 19th century accelerated industrialization

Artisan republicanism

an ideology of production that celebrated small-scale producers and emphasized liberty and equality. It flourished after the American Revolution and gradually declined as a result of industrialization

Unions

organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages, hours, benefits, and control of the workplace

Labor theory of value

the belief that human labor produces economic value. Adherents argue that the price of a product should be determined not by the market but by the amount of work required to make it, and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it

Gang-labor system

a system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-19th century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity

Middle class

an economic group of prosperous farmers, artisans, and traders that emerged in the early 19th century. Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity. This surge in income, along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods, fostered a distinct middle-class urban culture

Self-made man

a 19th-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits