Comprehensive Study of Anatomy MSK - Histology with Key Terminology

cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)

What are the two interacting components of tissues?

supprts the cells, transports nutrients, carries away waste

What does the ECM do?

epithelial

connective

muscle

nerve

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

aggregated polyhedral cells

What is 1?

small amount

What is 2?

lining surface or body cavities

What is 3?

several types of fixed and wandering cells

What is 4?

abundant amount

What is 5?

support and protection of tissues/organs

What is 6?

Elongated contractile cells

What is 7?

Moderate amount

What is 8?

Strong contraction, body movements

What is 9?

Elongated cells with extremely fine processes

What is 10?

Very small amount

What is 11?

Transmission of nerve impulses

What is 12?

tightly to form a sheetlike structure

How are epithelial cells bound together?

basal lamina

reticular lamina

What are the two layers of the basement membrane of all epithelia?

collagen fibers

What is the reticular lamina made up of?

attachment

filtration

help in tissue regeneration

What does the basement membrane of epithelia do?

simple epithelium

What does A show?

stratified epithelium

What does B show?

squamous

What does A show?

cuboidal

What does B show?

columnar

What does C show?

flat

What type of nucleus do squamous cells have?

round

What type of nucleus do cuboidal cells have?

tall

What type of nucleus do columnar cells have?

move mucus

What do cilia do?

inrease absorption

What do microvilli do?

connection of joints, muscles to bone, and epithelia to body structures

What does connective tissue do?

structural support

nutrition

storage

defense

What are the 6 functions of connective tissue

loose

dense

adipose

cartilage

bone

blood

hematopoietic fluid

What are the types of connective tissue?

loose connective tissue

What does A show?

dense irregular connective tissue

What does B show?

dense regular connective tissue

What does C show?

adipose tissue

What does D show?

elastic connective tissue

What does E show?

along with cartilage and bone provides the framework of the body

How does connective tissue provide structural support?

exchange of nutrients and waste between blood vessels and organs

How does connective tissue provide nutrition?

ECM stores water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins

How does connective tissue provide storage?

physical barrier, site of inflammatory responses

How does connective tissue provide defense?

tissue loss stimulates growth of CT, new ECM can close wounds

How does connective tissue provide repair?

fibrosis

What happens if an organ is damaged and there is an excess production of connective tissue?

cell-cell signaling molecules are bound by the ECM

How does connective tissue provide information?

Fibroblasts

Synthesize and secrete fibers and ground substance, major component of the ECM, proliferate and increase sympathetic activity during tissue repair, contain lots of rough ER, can influence growth of other cells

Adipocyte

store lipid in a single droplet that occupies most of the cell's volume

endocrine hormones and cytokines

What do adipocytes produce?

no

Do adipocytes normally divide in adults?

Macrophage

Derived from monocytes found in the blood, which in turn are derived from stem cells in bone marrow

initiate immune response

phagocytosis

secrete hydrolytic enzymes for ECM turnover

What is the function of macrophages?

Mast cells

resemble basophils found in the blood; they also are derived from bone-marrow precursors

chemical mediators of inflammatory response

allergic reactions

What are the functions of Mast cells?

Plasma

Leukocytes

What are the transient cells of connective tissue?

proteins and polysaccharides

What does the ECM consist of?

collagens

What are proteins in the ECM?

Collagen type I

type of collagen that is thick and most common in connective tissue

skin

tendons

organs

What areas of the body are made of collagen type I fibers?

Collagen type III

type of collagen that is reticular fibers and is a flexible meshwork

smooth muscles

endocrine glands

liver

What areas of the body are made of collagen type III fibers?

Elastin fibers

fibers that are made of elastin and fibrillin, random coil configuration, randomly organized, cross-linked network

trachea

skin

What areas of the body are made of elastin fibers?

loose

What is the most widespread connective tissue?

ground substances and cells

What is most abundant in loose connective tissue?

loose and irregular

What is the meshwork of loose connective tissue like?

flexible and slightly resistant to stress

What is the movement and strength of loose connective tissue?

beneath some epithelia

wraps and cushion organs

Where is loose connective tissue found?

collagen fibers

What is most abundant in dense irregular connective tissue?

collagen fibers

What is most abundant in dense regular connective tissue?

dense, three dimensional network

What is the meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue like?

parallel bundles

What is the meshwork of dense regular connective tissue like?

can withstand tension exerted in many directions

What is the movement and strength of dense irregular connective tissue?

resist stretching in one direction

What is the movement and strength of dense regular connective tissue?

dermis of skin

gut

around organs

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

tendons

ligaments

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

unilocular (white fat)

multilocular (brown fat)

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

provides lipid storage

What does unilocular (white fat) do?

generates heat in fetus/newborns

What does multilocular (brown fat) do?

dense irregular and regular elastic tissue

What are the two types of elastin connective tissue?

middle layer of large arteries

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

in a few ligaments

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

type III collagen

What is reticular connective tissue made up of?

hematopoietic bone marrow

lymph nodes

spleen

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

ground substance (Hyaluronic acid and fibroblasts)

What is mucosal connective tissue made up of?

inside forming teeth

in the umbilical cord

Where is mucosal connective tissue found?

cartilage

What connective tissue is the foundation of musculoskeletal anatomy?

neurons and glial cells

What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system?

Neuron

the functional units of information and signaling process in the nervous system

Glial cell

provide essential support to neurons

Peripheral nervous system

Receives sensory information from the outside world and from conditions within the body, transmits commands to effectors such as muscles and glands

Central nervous system

consists of the brain and the spinal cord, integrates sensory inputs and produces coordinated outputs

somatic and autonomic

What are the two functional components of the nervous system?

Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

Comprised of central elements that produce output that con be controlled by thinking

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Consists of both central and peripheral elements that control involuntary activities

Parasympathetic

responsible for "at rest" activity of the body

Sympathetic

fight or flight

Synapse

specialized membrane regions that receive and transfer signals from cell to cell (neuron to neuron or neuron to effector cell)

Dendrite

major site for receiving and integrating incoming signals

shape and extent of dendrites

What determines a neuron's function

Cell body

part of the neuron that is made up of rough ER (nissl bodies) and golgi apparatus

Neurofilaments

Part of the neuron that that extends from the cell body to the axon and dendrites, provide structural support to cell