B2 and B3

why are plant cells easy to clone

the cells can become unspecialised and divide by mitosis

how does paralysis treatment with stem cells work

by differentiating into new nerve cells

diabetes treatment through stem cells

by producing cells that are sensitive to blood sugar and can produce insulin

therapeutic cloning

the development of an embryo cloned from the adult who needs treatment

epithelial tissue

covers some parts of the body

functions of glandular tissue in pancreas

produces hormones to control blood sugar and some of the digestive enzymes

lipids

molecules made of three molecules of fatty acids linked to a molecule of glycerol

food test for carbohydrates (starch)

iodine test, goes from yellow-red to blue-black if starch is present

food test for carbohydrates (sugars)

benedict’s test, blue solution turns brick red on heating if a sugar such as glucose is present

test for protein

biuret test, blue biuret reagent turns purple if protein is present

food test for lipids

ethanol test, ethanol gives a cloudy white layer if lipids are present

how do bacteria make you feel ill

by producing toxins inside your cells and tissues

what is aspiring used for and which plant was it found in

painkillers willow

what is digitalis used for

treating heart conditions foxglove

stage 1 of developing drugs

testing on samples on human cells and tissues

step 2 of drug testing

test on live animals for efficacy toxicity frequency and dosage

stage 3 of drug testing

test on healthy human volunteers in a clinical trial

stage 4 of drug testing

give one group the real drug and the other a placebo to see the effects of the drug

stage 1 of making monoclonal antibodies

mouse is injected with an antigen so that it produces the specific antibodies needed

stage 2 of producing monoclonal antibodies

b lymphocytes are taken from the mouse which produce the antibodies specific to the antigen that the mouse was injected with

stage 3 of producing monoclonal antibodies

a b lymphocyte is combined with a fast growing tumour cell produced in a lab

stage 4 of producing monoclonal antibodies

the hybridoma cell can be cloned to get lots of identical cells and then they get collected and purified