Internal Medicine-IV Course Syllabus

A collection of vocabulary terms based on the Internal Medicine-IV course syllabus covering cardiology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, and toxicology.

Supraventricular tachycardias

Abnormally fast heart rhythms originating above the ventricles, part of the cardiovascular system conduction disorders.

Atrial flutter

A type of supraventricular tachycardia characterized by a rapid, regular rhythm in the atria.

Atrial fibrillation

A common arrhythmia characterized by rapid and irregular heartbeats.

Ventricular premature

Extra heartbeats that begin in one of the two lower pumping chambers (ventricles) of the heart.

Antiarrhythmic drug agents

Medications used to treat abnormal heart rhythms like tachycardias and fibrillations.

Syncope

A temporary loss of consciousness usually related to insufficient blood flow to the brain, categorized by pathogenesis, classification, diagnostic tests, and treatment.

Sudden cardiac death

Natural death from cardiac causes, often preceded by abrupt loss of consciousness; syllabus focuses on etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and medical therapy.

Essential hypertension

High blood pressure with no identifiable cause, also known as primary hypertension.

Secondary hypertension

High blood pressure caused by an underlying condition.

Dyslipidemia

Abnormal amounts of lipids (e.g., cholesterol and/or fat) in the blood, classified by species and treatment.

Atherosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries, studied by its pathogenesis, clinical forms, and primary and secondary prevention.

Vasospastic angina

A chest pain condition characterized by spasms of the coronary arteries.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart, including unstable angina, STEMI, and NSTEMI.

Acute myocardial infarction without ST-elevation (NSTEMI)

A type of heart attack diagnosed by pathogenesis and specific treatment without specific ST-segment changes on an EKG.

Acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI)

A serious type of heart attack with specific EKG findings, treated with thombrolytic therapy and rehabilitation.

Cardiogenic shock

A life-threatening condition in which the heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, categorized as acute heart failure.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A disease in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied).

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A condition in which the heart's ability to pump blood is decreased because the heart's main pumping chamber, the left ventricle, is enlarged and weakened.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A condition where the chambers of the heart become stiff over time.

Infective endocarditis

An infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, usually involving the heart valves.

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium) involving various clinical forms and late results.

Exudative pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space.

Constrictive pericarditis

Chronic inflammation of the pericardium that can lead to scarring and thickening, affecting hemodynamics.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

High blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart.

Pulmonary embolism

A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, often causing acute pulmonary heart.

Aortic dissection

A serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body's main artery (aorta).

Ductus Botany

A congenital heart disease studied for clinical features, diagnosis, evolution, treatment, and outcomes.

Tricuspid anomaly Epstein

A rare heart defect present at birth (congenital) in which the tricuspid valve is in the wrong position and the valve's flaps (leaflets) are malformed.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A combination of four congenital heart defects that affect the structure of the heart and how blood flows through it.

Coarctation of the aorta

A birth defect in which a part of the aorta is narrower than usual.

Rheumocarditis

Inflammation of the heart caused by rheumatism, studied by clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.

Mitral stenosis

A narrowing of the heart's mitral valve, obstructing blood flow into the left ventricle.

Mitral insufficiency

A condition in which the heart's mitral valve doesn't close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues, localized or systemic, involving Pathomorphology and clinical painting.

Dermatomyositis

An inflammatory disease marked by muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash.

Scleroderma

A group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues, including Raynaud syndrome (Sindrom Raynaud).

Ankylosing spodiloartrit

An inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in the spine (vertebrae) to fuse.

Panarteriitis nodosa

A systemic vasculitis involving etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology, and specific clinical presentation.

Oesophageal achalasia

A rare disorder that makes it difficult for food and liquid to pass from the swallowing tube connecting the mouth and stomach into the stomach.

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, characterized by specific symptoms and diagnostic methods.

Diaphragmatic hernia

A birth defect where there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm.

Duodenal ulcer

A peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).

Глутенова ентеропатия

Gluten enteropathy, a condition involving an immune reaction to eating gluten (Celiac disease).

Crohn's Disease

A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to complications like fistulas.

Ulcerative colitis

An inflammatory bowel disease that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the digestive tract.

Haemorrhage of Gastro-intestinal

Bleeding in the digestive tract, which is a symptom of a disorder rather than a disease itself.

Cholelithiasis

The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder.

Biliary dyskinesia

A motility disorder that affects the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi.

Hyperbilirubinemia

A condition in which there is too much bilirubin in the blood.

Primary biliary cirrhosis

A chronic disease in which the bile ducts in the liver are slowly destroyed.

Hemochromatosis

A disorder in which the body builds up too much iron.

Wilson's disease - Konovalov

A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver, brain, and other vital organs.

Poisoning by organo-phosphorous compounds

Intoxication caused by exposure to organophosphates, often used in pesticides.

Intoxications with carbon monoxide

Poisoning occurring from inhaling carbon monoxide ($CO$) fumes.

$Hg$ poisoning

Intoxication caused by exposure to mercury.

$Pb$ Poisoning

Intoxication caused by exposure to lead.