All Material - Part B of Exam

All daily life and history vocabulary tested on part B of the exam

What is the value of I?

1

What is the value of V?

5

What is the value of X?

10

What is the value of L?

50

What is the value of C?

100

What is the value of D?

500

What is the value of M/∞?

1000

BARBARI (barbarians)

Term used by Romans to describe those outside of Rome, originates from the Greek work meaning ‘non-Greek’

LIBERTI

Freedmen, those who had previously been slaves but were freed

INGENUI

Free born

SERVI

Slaves

PATRICIANS

Term for the elites of Rome, originates from the term for father

PLEBEIANS (PLEBS)

Those who are not among the elite families of Rome

STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS

The struggle of Plebs to gain rights, facing discrimination from the Patricians

EQUITES (singular: EQUES) = EQUESTRIANS

Class of business-people that gained wealth not just through land inheritance and hold the most expensive rank of cavalry

SESTERCES (in Latin: SESTERTII)

Basic Roman coin

QUAESTOR

Public office that was a required position for membership in a senatorial club

NOVUS HOMO

Term for the first person in a family to convert from an equestrian to a senatorial club, ex. Cicero

CLIENTES (singular: CLIENS)

Role in patronage system that acts as client to a patron

PATRONI (singular: PATRONUS)

Role in patronage systems that acts as patron to clients

PECULIUM

Allowance given to slaves that is completely for their use

LATIFUNDIA (sing.: LATIFUNDIUM)

Massive factory farms dedicated to one crop or export; run by slaves

PAEDAGOGUS (-GI, plur.)

A, likely Greek, slave tutor/nanny that would care for children 24/7 and be in charge of their education → high ranking slave

SPARTACUS

Real figure that incited a slave revolt from 73-71 B.C. in Italy → numbered 70,000-100,000 slaves that were able to win on multiple occasions before their capture, all of the 6,000 survivors were crucified as an intimidation method

MANUMISSIO = MANUMISSION / EMANCIPATION (noun)

The process through which a slave is freed, perhaps in gratitude or as a part of a will → involved a ceremony that is largely mysterious but did involve a magistrate

MANUMIT (verb; = EMANCIPATE)

The act of a slave being freed (verb of manumissio)

PILEUS

Hat given to slave in their ceremony of manumission that was pointy and became a symbol for freedom

CURSUS HONORUM

Structured sequence of public offices held by aspiring politicians that regulated politics and enforced hierarchy (age, status, military service, etc)

VIGINTIVIRI (20, later 26: vigintisexviri)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• College of minor magistrates

• Age: early 20s

• Consisted of six boards

QUAESTOR (20)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• Financial officials

• Age: 27-30

AEDILE (4)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• Look after the city, grain supply, and games

PRAETOR (8)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• Judges, run courts

• Propraetor (provincial governor) - picked by lot

CONSUL (2)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st January

• Military, legislative, administrative, supervisory

• Age 42

• Proconsul (provincial governors) - picked by lot

CENSOR (2)

• 18 months every 5th year

• Elected

• Completely administrative, but most prestigious office

• census (counting citizens and assigning them to one of the 35 tribes)

• Set taxes

• State contracts and public building contracts

• Add new senators from senatorial order, moral oversight of senate, removal of corrupt officials

• Performs the lustrum

• One performs the lustrum on the Campus Martius to mark the end of the census in May, 17 months after their election

SUOVETAURILIA

Triple sacrifice of a boar (suus), a ram (ovis), and a bull (taurus)

DICTATOR

• 6 months maximum

• With subordinate colleague, magister equitum

SENATE

• 600 members

• Former office holders chosen by censors from senatorial order

• Supreme decision-making body of Roman state

• Ratifies elections and laws after voted upon by the people

• Senatorial Order (all those eligible to serve in the senate) is different from the senate itself (those actually serving as senators)

TRIBUNES OF THE PLEBS (5>10)

• 1 year

• Starts 10th December

• Elected by plebeians

• Enforce plebian laws, plebiscita, protect plebeians

• Can veto elections, laws, and decrees of the senate

• Possess sacrosanctitas, sacrosanctity

SACROSANCTITAS

Inviolability:

1. Secure from violation or profanation, as an inviolable law

2. Secure from assault or trespass, as unassailable, inviolable borders

IUS INTERCESSIONIS

The right of tribunes to intervene and veto actions taken by other magistrates → serves as checks and balances

FASCES

Bundle of wooden sticks with an axe carried by a lictor as a symbol of imperium for a magistrate

LICTOR

Individual that carries the fasces for the magistrate

DUUMVIRI / DUOVIRI

Equivalent of consuls but within a city, similar to a mayor

AEDILES (2)

Magistrates responsible for buildings, games, and supply of grain in a city

QUINQUENNALES

The equivalent of censors but in a city, elected every 5 years

INSULA (plur. INSULAE)

Literally means island, is a Roman apartment building

INSULA FELICLES

Famous apartment building known for being really tall → accounts of it being found in North Africa

DOMUS

Word for a Roman house

TABERNA (shop)

Latin word for a shop, found in the front of houses and apartment buildings, in apartment buildings the owners of the shop would likely live in the building, in houses the same could be true but more often shops would be rented out by the family living in the house

VESTIBULUM

Cloak room that might be off of the fauces

FAUCES

Passage from front door into house running between shops and spanning their entire length, may be split to have a vestibulum

ATRIUM

Living room in which client meetings would be held and religious shrines to household deities or a family’s ancestors would be → featured an impluvium/compluvium and most other rooms of the house would be around the atrium

COMPLUVIUM

Hole in roof of atrium that supplies water to impluvium

IMPLUVIUM

Pool in atrium that catches water from compluvium and feeds into cistern underneath

ALA (ALAE plural)

Wing at the back of atrium, corner nook that is basically a small courtyard

CUBICULUM (CUBICULA plural)

Bedrooms, usually off the atrium an separated by either curtains or actual doors → number of people in a house determined by the number of bedrooms

TABLINUM

Office off of the atrium that serves as the principal place of work, usually separated by an actual door

TRICLINIUM

Dining room with 3 long couches (more similar to beds) on which one could recline → Romans did not eat sitting upright, instead leaning on their left arm while eating with their right

ANDRON

Narrow (allowing for one person) passage coming from atrium and leading to the garden, possibly also connecting to the kitchen

CULINA

Kitchen that was typically small and contained the toilet, might have slaves living on a second level on top

PERISTYLIUM

Found within the viridarium of fancier houses and is a colonnade, meaning a covered structure supported by columns

VIRIDARIUM

Pleasure garden similar to a courtyard that might have statues or fountains, could include a peristylium and/or hortus

HORTUS

A working garden that produces food for the household, likely found in the viridarium

PISCINA

Fishpond that might feature in a wealthy family’s garden

TRIA NOMINA

Three names of a Roman

PRAENOMEN

Given name

NOMEN/GENTILICIUM

Family name

COGNOMEN

Personal name that is given and then passed down in a family

AGNOMINA

Additional cognomina that could be added to a name

HORA

Hour

UNCIA

Inch and ounce

PELEUS

Mythic hero and husband of Thetis, father of Achilles

Thetis

Married to Peleus, mother of Achilles

ACHILLES

Mythic hero

DISCORDIA

Greek Eris, Goddess of discord and strife

JUPITER

Greek Zeus, King of the gods, also called Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (IOM) meaning ‘Jupiter the Best and Greatest’

JUNO

Greek Hera, Queen of the gods

MINERVA

Greek Athena, comes from Etruscan mythology but is often equated with Athena, goddess of wisdom

VENUS

Greek Aphrodite, goddess of love

MERCURY

Greek Hermes, god of messaging

PARIS

Prince of Troy, is decided to be judge of goddess’ beauty (Juno, Minerva, Venus)

TROY

Ancient city

MT. IDA

Highest mountain on the island of Crete, centre of many myths including that of Troy

HELEN

Wife of Menelaus (King of Sparta) and is famously beautiful, offered by Venus to Paris in marriage

SPARTA

Greek city-state

MENELAUS

King of Sparta

AGAMEMNON

King of Mycenae

MYCENAE

Ancient early Greek city

AENEAS

Trojan general that escapes city and voyages to Italy

ANCHISES

Aeneas’ father that dies on voyage to Italy

PALLADIUM

Wooden statue of Pallas Athena (Minerva) that is taken on voyage to Italy

ASCANIUS/IULUS

Aeneas’ son

CREUSA

Aeneas’ wife who dies or is lost during the voyage to Italy

KING LATINUS

King of Latium that welcomes Aeneas, giving his daughter’s hand in marriage and asking for help in war

LATIUM

Region on the left bank of the Tiber to which Aeneus voyages

LAVINIA

Daughter of King Latinus that is married to Aeneas upon his arrival to Latium

LAVINIUM

City built by Aeneas as a gift to Lavinia

ALBA LONGA

City founded by Ascanius that will be ruled by 14 kings in total

NUMITOR

Brother of Amulius, King of Alba Longa, the good one

AMULIUS

Brother of Numitor, the evil one, King of Alba Longa after he drives his brother out