Schedules of Reinforcement

What are the two types of schedules of reinforcement

• WHAT

• WHAT

What are the two types of schedules of reinforcement

• Continuous (buy one get one free)

• Partial

Partial splits into

• WHAT

• WHAT

Partial splits into

• Interval

• Ratio

Interval

• WHAT

• WHAT

Interval

• Fixed (every Tuesday is a senior day)

• Variable (pop quizzes)

Ratio

• WHAT

• WHAT

Ratio

• Fixed (buy 7 get 1 free)

• Variable (lottery)

Continuous

every response is REINFORCED

Examples:

• Buy 1 get 1 free

• Behavioural response: making purchase

Fixed ratio

A fixed number of RESPONSES must be made before REINFORCEMENT occurs

example:

• Buy 7 get 1 free

• Behavioural response: making purchase

Variable ratio

A VARYING or RANDOM number of RESPONSES must be made before REINFORCEMENT occurs

Example:

• 1 in 6 chances to win

• Behavioural response: Making purchase

Fixed interval

The FIRST response after a SPECIFIC period of time has elapsed is REINFORCED

Example:

• New jobs are posted on a website every Monday

• Behavioural response: Checking the website

Variable interval

The FIRST response after a VARY or RANDOM period of time has elapsed is REINFORCED

Example:

• New jobs are posted any time on a website

• Behavioural response: checking the website

What is the order that the responses are most affect to least

1. Variable ratio

2. Fixed ratio

3. Variable interval

4. Fixed interval

Interval Fixed

• Definition: Reinforce WHAT response after WHAT time interval

• Response pattern: WHAT

• Extinction: WHAT

Interval Fixed

• Definition: Reinforce FIRST response after FIXED time interval

• Response pattern: Slow, Pauses

• Extinction: Relatively easy

Interval Variable

• Definition: Reinforce WHAT response after WHAT but WHAT time interval

• Response pattern: WHAT

• Extinction: WHAT

Interval Variable

• Definition: Reinforce FIRST response after PREDETERMINED but VARIABLE time interval

• Response pattern: Slow, steady

• Extinction: Difficult

Ratio variable

• Definition: Reinforce WHAT predetermined but WHAT number of responses

• Response pattern: WHAT

• Extinction: WHAT

Ratio variable

• Definition: Reinforce AFTER predetermined but VARIBALE number of responses

• Response pattern: Rapid, steady

• Extinction: Difficult

Ratio fixed

• Definition: Reinforce WHAT fixed number of responses

• Response pattern: WHAT

• Extinction: WHAT

Ratio fixed

• Definition: Reinforce AFTER fixed number of responses

• Response pattern: Rapid, pauses

• Extinction: Relatively easy

Extinction

• In operant conditioning, extinction refers to the gradual WEAKENING and DISSAPPEARANCE of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by REINFORCEMENT.
  

E.g., a rat stops pressing the lever when food does not come out
after each press

Continuous reinforcement has a very rapid rate of WHAT

Continuous reinforcement has a very rapid rate of EXTINCTION

What schedule is the most resistant to extinction

Variable ratio

What schedule is the least resistant to extinction

Continuous

What are the two types of reinforcers

• WHAT

• WHAT

What are the two types of reinforcers

• Primary

• Secondary

Primary reinforcer

Things that are in themselves rewarding (innately satisfying, unlearned)

Example:

• Getting food when hungry

Secondary reinforcer

• A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer

• Things we have LEARNED to value

Example:

• Good grades, money

Money is a special secondary reinforcer called a WHAT

Money is a special secondary reinforcer called a GENERALIZED REINFORCER

What is a generalized reinforcer

Something that can be traded for anything

Shaping

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response

Dunning-Kruger Effect

• A form of WHAT

• People lack the ability to WHAT their own performance in areas where they have WHAT

Dunning-Kruger Effect

• A form of ILLUSORY SUPERIORITY

• People lack the ability to EVALUATE their own performance in areas where they have LITTLE EXPERTISE

Example:

• People with lowest grades rate their mastery of academic skill much higher than is warranted by their actual performance

Illusory superiority

• This is a form of FALSE CONFIDENCE, when we believe that we are above average in just about everything

• Some people form a ‘HALO’ around themselves at being extremely competent while being the opposite, as they are unable to measure or even see their shortcomings.