Exam prep

Respiratory System

The major organs include the lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm, and nasal passages.

Diaphragm

A muscle located at the base of the thoracic cavity that assists in respiration by contracting and expanding the lungs.

Function of the Respiratory System

To facilitate gas exchange, delivering oxygen to the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide.

Trachea

A tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air passage into the lungs.

Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Disorders

Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and changes in breathing patterns.

Etiology of COPD

The most common cause is long-term exposure to smoking or irritants.

Diagnosis of Asthma

Typically diagnosed through a combination of patient history, physical examination, and lung function tests.

Treatment Options for Bronchitis

May include bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory medications, and supportive care.

Clinical Laboratory Tests for Respiratory Disorders

Common tests include spirometry, arterial blood gas analysis, and chest X-rays.

Respiratory System in Infants vs. Elderly

Infants have smaller lungs and higher respiratory rates, while elderly individuals may experience weakened respiratory muscles and decreased lung capacity.

EKG Artifacts

Common artifacts include muscle tremors, electrical interference, and poor electrode contact.

Body Position and Movement Artifact Causes

Artifacts can be caused by patient movement, breathing, or improper positioning during EKG testing.

Adjustments for Pediatric EKG Testing

Careful electrode placement and a calm environment to minimize movement.

Troubleshooting EKG Machine Malfunctions

Check electrode connections, assess machine power supply, and ensure proper calibration.

Electrode Placement Importance

Correct placement ensures accurate EKG results and diagnosis.

Adjustments for Obese Patients in EKG Testing

May require additional electrodes and adjusting lead placement for improved contact.

EKG Interference from Electrical Devices

It can occur when the machine is near other electronic devices like cell phones or monitors.

Minimizing Muscle Artifact

Ensure the patient is relaxed and still during the EKG recording.

Medical Assistant's Role in EKG Maintenance

Involves regular checks, troubleshooting issues, and ensuring equipment is properly calibrated.

Addressing Poor Skin Preparation for EKG

Ensure the skin is clean and dry to promote better electrode contact and accurate readings.

Mechanical vs. Electrical Activity of the Heart

Mechanical activity refers to heart contractions, while electrical activity refers to the impulses that stimulate contractions.

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

Includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.

P Wave on EKG

Represents atrial depolarization.

QRS Complex on EKG

Signifies ventricular depolarization.

Significance of T Wave on EKG

Indicates ventricular repolarization.

EKG Intervals

Key intervals include the PR interval, QRS duration, and QT interval, each having specific normal measurements.

Time Measurement on EKG

Time is measured using small (0.04 seconds) and large (0.20 seconds) blocks on the EKG strip.

Analyzing an EKG Tracing

The six steps include assessing rhythm, rate, intervals, morphology, axis, and clinical significance.

Determining Heart Rate from EKG

Can be calculated by counting the number of R waves in a set distance.

Examining EKG for Regularity

Check the spacing between R waves to determine if the rhythm is regular.

Composition of Blood

Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System

Includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and lymphatic vessels.

Coagulation Process

Involves a series of steps that lead to blood clotting and stopping bleeding.

Innate vs. Acquired Immunity

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, while acquired immunity develops through exposure to specific pathogens.

Self vs. Non-Self Distinction in Immunity

The immune system can differentiate between body's own cells and foreign invaders.

Common Blood Disorders

Include anemia, hemophilia, and leukemia, with treatments varying based on condition.

Role of the Spleen in Immune System

Filters blood, recycles iron, and helps in immune response.

Diagnostic Tests for Blood Disorders

May include complete blood counts, blood smears, and coagulation studies.

Signs and Symptoms of Anemia

Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Immune Response to Infections

Involves identification of pathogens and the mobilization of immune cells to eradicate them.

Major Organs of the Endocrine System

Include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

Hormones from Endocrine Glands

Regulate various bodily functions including metabolism, growth, and mood.

Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 is autoimmune and results in little to no insulin production, while Type 2 is often lifestyle-related with insulin resistance.

Signs of Hypoglycemia

Symptoms include shakiness, confusion, sweating, and irritability.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Treatment

Includes insulin therapy, rehydration, and electrolyte balance.

Common Endocrine Disorders and Treatments

Conditions like thyroid disorders, adrenal insufficiency, and their management through medications.

Role of Pancreas in Endocrine System

Produces insulin and glucagon which regulate blood sugar levels.

Aging Effects on Endocrine System

May result in decreased hormone production and regulation.

Purpose of Thyroid Gland and Hormones

Regulates metabolism, energy levels, and influences growth and development.

Diagnostic Tests for Endocrine Disorders

May include hormone level tests, imaging studies, and stimulation or suppression tests.

Significance of Recognizing Sinus Rhythm

Indicates normal electrical activity and heart function in an EKG.

Identifying Atrial Rhythms on EKG

Look for P waves that do not correspond to QRS complexes.

Significance of Junctional Rhythms in EKG

Indicates an abnormal heart rhythm originating from the AV junction.

Ventricular Rhythms

These rhythms originate from the ventricles and can lead to serious cardiac issues.

Identifying Heart Block Rhythms

Look for delayed conduction from the atria to the ventricles.

Artificially Paced Rhythms

These appear as consistent pacing spikes before QRS complexes.

Complications from Artificial Pacemakers

May include infection, lead dislodgement, or device malfunction.

ST Segment Change

Indicates myocardial ischemia or infarction.

Interpreting T Wave Changes

Can signify ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, or effects of medications.

Importance of Analyzing EKG Step by Step

Ensures comprehensive assessment and accurate diagnosis.

First Steps in Cardiac Emergency Recognition

Assess consciousness, breathing, and circulation.

Assisting Conscious Cardiac Emergency Patient

Provide reassurance and assess symptoms while awaiting emergency help.

Unconscious Patient in Cardiac Emergency

Begin CPR immediately and call for emergency assistance.

Principles of CPR

Involves chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain circulation.

Using an AED in Cardiac Emergency

Follow visual and audio prompts to analyze rhythm and deliver shocks if indicated.

Medications in Cardiac Emergency

May include aspirin, nitroglycerin, or epinephrine.

Recognizing Stroke Symptoms

Sudden numbness, confusion, difficulty speaking, or loss of balance.

Notifying Supervisor in Medical Emergency

Provide clear information on the situation and follow established protocols.

Responses to Nonmedical Emergencies

Involve following safety procedures and reporting incidents to appropriate personnel.

Medical Assistant in Emergency Response

May include assisting with patient care and ensuring a safe environment.

Major Organs of the Sensory System

Include the eyes, ears, skin, tongue, and nose.

Functioning of Sensory System

Detects and interprets stimuli from the environment, allowing for response.

Diagnostic Procedures for Sensory Disorders

Can include vision tests, hearing assessments, and nerve conduction studies.

Common Sensory System Disorders

Include cataracts, glaucoma, hearing loss, and their respective treatments.

Sensory System Changes with Aging

Typically results in diminished acuity in vision and hearing as well as changes in taste and smell.