Biotechnology & Microscopy
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Flashcard 1
Q: What are the four main principles of Cell Theory?
A:
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization.
All cells arise from preexisting living cells.
Cells carry hereditary information that is passed to daughter cells.
Flashcard 2
Q: What is the most basic unit of life according to Cell Theory?
A: The cell.
Flashcard 3
Q: According to Cell Theory, where do new cells come from?
A: Preexisting living cells.
Flashcard 4
Q: What does Cell Theory state about hereditary information?
A: Cells contain hereditary information that is passed from parent cells to daughter cells.
Flashcard 5
Q: What does the RNA World Hypothesis propose?
A: Self-replicating RNA molecules were the precursors to modern life.
Flashcard 6
Q: Why is RNA considered capable of supporting early life?
A: Because RNA can:
Store genetic information like DNA.
Catalyze chemical reactions like enzymes.
Flashcard 7
Q: What two important properties make RNA unique in the RNA World Hypothesis?
A:
Information storage
Catalytic activity
Flashcard 8
Q: What are RNA molecules that function as enzymes called?
A: Ribozymes.
Flashcard 9
Q: What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
A: Genetic information flows from DNA → RNA → Protein.
Flashcard 10
Q: What process converts DNA into RNA?
A: Transcription.
Flashcard 11
Q: What process converts RNA into protein?
A: Translation.
Flashcard 12
Q: What is the overall flow of genetic information in cells?
A: DNA → RNA → Protein.
Flashcard 13
Q: What type of microscope uses visible light to observe thin samples?
A: Light microscope.
Flashcard 14
Q: What microscope is best for viewing living cells?
A: Light microscope.
Flashcard 15
Q: What microscope is used to observe the surface of a 3D object with high resolution?
A: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Flashcard 16
Q: What does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) primarily show?
A: Surface details and three-dimensional appearance.
Flashcard 17
Q: Which microscope produces detailed images of internal structures?
A: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
Flashcard 18
Q: What type of specimen does a TEM require?
A: Thin cross-sections.
Flashcard 19
Q: Which microscope provides the highest magnification and resolution for internal structures?
A: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
Flashcard 20
Q: What microscope uses fluorescent-tagged antibodies to visualize specific cellular structures?
A: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (Fluorescence Microscope).
Flashcard 21
Q: What is a common application of confocal fluorescence microscopy?
A: Viewing chromosomes during mitosis.
Flashcard 22
Q: Match each microscope with its primary use.
A:
Microscope | Use |
|---|---|
Light | Thin living samples |
SEM | Surface of 3D objects |
TEM | Internal structures |
Confocal/Fluorescence | Specific tagged cell structures |
Flashcard 23
Q: What is PCR?
A: A technique used to amplify DNA, creating millions of copies from a small sample.
Flashcard 24
Q: What is the first step of PCR?
A: Denaturation.
Flashcard 25
Q: What occurs during denaturation?
A: High heat separates double-stranded DNA into single strands.
Flashcard 26
Q: What is the second step of PCR?
A: Annealing.
Flashcard 27
Q: What occurs during annealing?
A: Primers bind to complementary DNA sequences.
Flashcard 28
Q: What is the third step of PCR?
A: Elongation (Extension).
Flashcard 29
Q: What occurs during elongation?
A: DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands.
Flashcard 30
Q: Why does PCR amplify DNA exponentially?
A: Because each cycle doubles the amount of DNA present.
Flashcard 31
Q: Put the PCR steps in order.
A: Denaturation → Annealing → Elongation.
Flashcard 32
Q: What is reverse transcriptase?
A: An enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.
Flashcard 33
Q: What molecule is produced when reverse transcriptase copies mRNA?
A: Complementary DNA (cDNA).
Flashcard 34
Q: Why does cDNA lack introns?
A: Because it is synthesized from mature mRNA, which has already undergone splicing.
Flashcard 35
Q: What is a major laboratory use of reverse transcriptase?
A: Production of cDNA from mRNA.
Flashcard 36
Q: What organisms naturally use reverse transcriptase?
A: Retroviruses.
Flashcard 37
Q: What is centrifugation?
A: A technique that separates components of a liquid sample by rapid spinning.
Flashcard 38
Q: Which particles separate first during centrifugation?
A: The largest and most dense particles.
Flashcard 39
Q: What is the pellet in centrifugation?
A: The material that settles at the bottom of the tube.
Flashcard 40
Q: What is cell fractionation?
A: Separation of cellular organelles based on size and density using centrifugation.
Flashcard 41
Q: What is the order of organelles separated by cell fractionation from largest to smallest?
A:
Nucleus → Mitochondria/Chloroplast → Ribosomes
Flashcard 42
Q: Which organelle pellets first during cell fractionation?
A: Nucleus.
Flashcard 43
Q: Which organelles pellet after nuclei?
A: Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Flashcard 44
Q: Which cellular structures pellet last?
A: Ribosomes.
Flashcard 45
Q: What is DNA sequencing?
A: Determining the exact order of nucleotides in DNA or RNA.
Flashcard 46
Q: What is the basis of dideoxy chain termination sequencing?
A: DNA synthesis requires a free 3′ OH group.
Flashcard 47
Q: Why do dideoxynucleotides terminate DNA synthesis?
A: They lack a 3′ OH group.
Flashcard 48
Q: What happens when a dideoxynucleotide is incorporated?
A: DNA elongation stops.
Flashcard 49
Q: What is the purpose of blotting techniques?
A: To identify specific DNA, RNA, or protein fragments.
Flashcard 50
Q: What does Southern blot detect?
A: DNA.
Mnemonic: Southern = DNA goes "down South" to the genome.
Flashcard 51
Q: What does Northern blot detect?
A: RNA.
Flashcard 52
Q: What does Western blot detect?
A: Protein.
Flashcard 53
Q: DAT mnemonic for blotting?
A:
Southern = DNA
Northern = RNA
Western = Protein
(SNoW DRoP)
Flashcard 54
Q: What is the first step in blotting?
A: Gel electrophoresis.
Flashcard 55
Q: What is the second step in blotting?
A: Transfer sample to nitrocellulose membrane.
Flashcard 56
Q: What is the third step in blotting?
A: Add probe to identify target sequence.
Flashcard 57
Q: What is hybridization?
A: Formation of complementary base pairs between nucleic acid strands.
Flashcard 58
Q: What is gel electrophoresis used for?
A: Separating DNA molecules by size and charge.
Flashcard 59
Q: Which DNA fragments move farther in a gel?
A: Smaller fragments.
Flashcard 60
Q: Why do smaller DNA fragments travel farther?
A: They encounter less resistance from the gel matrix.
Flashcard 61
Q: After electrophoresis, what can DNA be used for?
A:
Sequencing
Probing for specific sequences
Flashcard 62
Q: What is a microarray assay?
A: A technique used to monitor expression levels of many genes simultaneously.
Flashcard 63
Q: What is the primary purpose of a microarray?
A: Measuring gene expression across a genome.
Flashcard 64
Q: What biological process is typically studied with microarrays?
A: Transcription/gene expression.
Flashcard 65
Q: What is recombinant DNA?
A: DNA containing segments from multiple sources.
Flashcard 66
Q: What are restriction endonucleases?
A: Enzymes that cut DNA at specific restriction sites.
Flashcard 67
Q: What are sticky ends?
A: Single-stranded DNA overhangs produced by restriction enzymes that facilitate DNA joining.
Flashcard 68
Q: What enzyme joins DNA fragments together?
A: DNA ligase.
Flashcard 69
Q: What is a vector?
A: A carrier that transfers foreign DNA into a host cell.
Flashcard 70
Q: What are common vectors?
A:
Plasmids
Bacteriophages
Flashcard 71
Q: What is the first step in bacterial cloning?
A: Cut plasmid and foreign DNA with the same restriction enzyme.
Flashcard 72
Q: Why are the same restriction enzymes used on both DNA samples?
A: To create matching sticky ends.
Flashcard 73
Q: What is the second step in bacterial cloning?
A: DNA ligase joins the foreign DNA into the plasmid.
Flashcard 74
Q: What is the third step in bacterial cloning?
A: Introduce recombinant plasmid into bacteria via transformation.
Flashcard 75
Q: What is transformation?
A: Uptake of foreign DNA by bacteria.
Flashcard 76
Q: What is the fourth step in bacterial cloning?
A: Grow bacteria to produce colonies or desired products.
Flashcard 77
Q: Why is an antibiotic-resistance gene often inserted into plasmids?
A: To identify bacteria that successfully received the plasmid.
Flashcard 78
Q: What happens to bacteria that do not receive the plasmid?
A: They die in the presence of the antibiotic.
Flashcard 79
Q: What is a gene library?
A: A collection of DNA fragments representing a genome.
Flashcard 80
Q: Why is recombinant DNA technology important for gene libraries?
A: It allows DNA fragments to be isolated, stored, and amplified.
Flashcard 81
Q: Central Dogma?
A: DNA → RNA → Protein
Flashcard 82
Q: PCR Steps?
A: Denaturation → Annealing → Elongation
Flashcard 83
Q: Southern Blot?
A: DNA
Flashcard 84
Q: Northern Blot?
A: RNA
Flashcard 85
Q: Western Blot?
A: Protein
Flashcard 86
Q: Reverse Transcriptase makes?
A: cDNA from RNA
Flashcard 87
Q: cDNA contains introns?
A: No
Flashcard 88
Q: Smallest DNA fragments in electrophoresis?
A: Travel farthest
Flashcard 89
Q: Largest organelle pelleted first during centrifugation?
A: Nucleus
Flashcard 90
Q: Restriction enzymes do what?
A: Cut DNA at restriction sites and create sticky ends.-