Psych85-Nov8-Lec11

Encoding failure

Failure to pay attention to information, resulting in difficulty in retrieving it later.

Retrieval failure

Difficulty in retrieving information due to interference from other information.

Proactive interference

Old information interferes with the learning of new information, leading to decreased recall.

Release from proactive interference

Changing the category of information leads to increased recall to initial levels.

Retroactive interference

New information interferes with the recall of old learning.

Reconstructions

Memories are reconstructed rather than retrieved, leading to the occurrence of false memories.

Misinformation between coding and retrieval

Misleading information during the encoding and retrieval process can alter memory recall.

Greater effects with a longer time between event and retrieval

Longer time intervals between an event and retrieval make source memory harder and increase susceptibility to misinformation.

Loftus et al

Participants wrongly recall seeing a yield sign instead of a stop sign due to misinformation.

Susceptibility to misinformation acceptance

Poor general memory, high scores on imagery vividness, and higher empathy scores make individuals more susceptible to accepting misinformation.

Mental imagery

Mental representations that share picture properties and involve sensory modalities.

The Great Imagery Debate

The debate about the nature of mental imagery, whether it is analog or representational.

Modality-specific Viewpoint (Analog)

Visual mental images are analogous to pictures in the head.

Amodal Viewpoint (Propositional)

Mental representations are non-pictorial abstract concepts, despite the experience of imagery as pictures.

Neuroscience

The study of the brain and its relationship to mental processes.

Conclusion

Mental imagery is likely a combination of both analog and representational processes.

Example of proactive interference

Difficulty in remembering where I last left my keys due to remembering a previous occasion of putting them down.

Opinion on the nature of mental imagery

A mix of analog and representational processes, as both have their benefits in recalling and processing information.

Distinction between reconstructions and misinformation

Reconstructions involve the process of memory being reconstructed, while misinformation refers to the introduction of misleading information during encoding and retrieval.