BIOL 412 Exam 3

Autotrophs

organisms get energy from abiotic sources & store it (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis)

Heterotrophs

organisms consume biotic sources for energy

Filter Feeding

nutrients from particles suspended in water (whale)

Deposit Feeding

nutrients from particles suspended in soil (worm)

Fluid Feeding

consume other organisms’ fluids (mosquito)

Bulk Feeding

nutrients from eating all of an organism (lion, humans)

Ram & Suction Feeding

rapidly move towards prey, then suck it into their mouth (fish)

Gymnosperms

naked seeds

Angiosperms

seed bearing structures formed from the ovary (fruits)

Hermaphroditism

organism has both testes & ovaries

Sequential Hermaphroditism

individuals are one sex but can change over lifetime

Ecology

study of the relationships between living organisms & their physical & biological environment

Organismal Ecology

studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges; adaptations that enable individuals to live in a specific habitat

Population Ecology

study of what factors affect individuals of the same species living in the same area; how population size changes over time

Community Ecology

study of the whole array of interacting species in an area; species interactions, predator-prey

Ecosystem Ecology

energy flow & chemical cycling among abiotic & biotic components

Landscape Ecology

exchange of energy & organisms across ecosystems

Global Ecology

influence of energy & materials on organisms across the biosphere

Population Distribution

where organisms live in the biosphere

Population Abundance

number of individuals of a species in a given area

Population Density

abundance per area or volume

Demography

study of vital statistics (births, deaths) if a population & how they vary with age

Life Table

vital stats of a group of individuals born at the same time

Type I Survivorship Curve

Physiological - high survivorship until old age

Type II Survivorship Curve

Ecological - constant probability of dying across each year

Type III Survivorship Curve

Maturational - most die young, high survival for adults

Fecundity

individual organisms’ reproductive capacity; high fecundity = less investment in each offspring

Ecological Niche

sum of an organism’s use of abiotic & biotic resources in the environment

Fundamental Niche

niche potentially occupied by the species assuming no limiting factors (theoretical)

Realized Niche

portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies (real)

Parasitism

one species benefits, one species is harmed

Ectoparasite

lives on outside of host

Endoparasite

lives inside host

Commensalism

one species benefits, no effect on other species

Amensalism

negative effect on one species, no effect on other species

Facultative Symbiotic Relationship

relationship gives each organism a greater chance of survival but isn’t necessary

Obligate Symbiotic Relationship

organisms require the relationship in order to survive

The Cambrian Explosion 

            A. Occurred about 3.5 billion years ago 

            B. Was a mass extinction followed by adaptive radiation 

            C. Is the beginning of the fossil record 

            D. Is when most modern phyla first appeared 

            E. More than one of the above is correct

D. is when most modern phyla first appeared

Which of the following is correct? 

A. Insects are not arthropods 

B. Most animals are fish 

C. Clams and octopuses are not in the same phylum 

D. Several different phyla are commonly referred to as “worms” 

E. More than one of the above is correct 

D. several different phyla are commonly referred to as “worms”

Which of the following is INCORRECT? 

A. Protists come in many different sizes 

B. Multicellularity evolved independently in several different groups of organisms             

C. Chordates are a subgroup (type) of vertebrates 
D. Molluscs and Arthropods are the animal phyla with the most species 

C. Chordates are a subgroup of vertebrates

What are the three requirements for natural selection to occur?

• - phenotypic variation

• - heritable basis for phenotypic variation

• - differential reproduction

What are some evolutionary advantages of segmentation? 

A. Allows flexible, complex movement 

B. Damage to one segment may not be fatal 

C. May facilitate evolutionary diversification 

D. All of the above 

D. all of the above

Alleles

an alternative version of a gene that is at the locus of the chromosome