Pharmacy definitions Ch 1

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (ADME)

Absorption

drug molecules travel from the site of administration, across cell membranes and into the circulatory system

Distribution

Drug travels from the circulatory system accross barrier membranes to the site of action.

Metabolism

conversion of active drugs to a compound that can be easily removed or the conversion of pro drugs to active drugs

Elimination

which a drug is removed from the body.

A

FDA considers to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutical equivalent products

AA

Products in conventional dosage forms not presenting bioequivalnce problems

AB 1-3

products meeting necessary bioequivalnce requirements

B

Drug products that the FDA at this time considers not to the be theraputically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products

B*

drug products requireming further FDA investigation and review to determine theraputic equivalence

BT

bioeqvalence issues

BX

data is insufficient

addition

the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of their effects of each drug taken alone

antagonism

one drug works against the action of another drug

potentiation

one drug increases or prolongs the effects of another drug, the total effect is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug alone

synergism

the joint action in which their combined affect is more intense or longer in duration than the sum of the effects of two drugs

Black Boxed warning

designed to call attention to serious or life-threatening risks

pregnancy and lactation labeling ruling (PLLR)

3 subsections, 8.1(pregnancy), 8.2(lactation), 8.3(the females and males reproductive potential)

Chemical name

determined by chemical structure of the drug entitiy

proprietary (brand or trade) name

assigned by the drug manufacturer and is protected through a patent

non proprietary (generic) name

assigned to a medication and contains a word stem that has been issued by the U.S. Adopted Names Council

Dysrthrythmia

an irregular heartbeat resulting from a malfunction of the cardiac conduction system

atrial flutter

a type of abnormal heart rate, or arrhythmia, occurs when the upper Chambers of the heart beat too fast

atrial fibrillation

an irregular, often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow. The hearts rates upper chamber beat out of coordination with the lower chambers

bradycardia

a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

tachycardia

a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute

congested heart failure (CHF)

the pumping ability of the heart is unable to meet the metabolic needs of the body’s tissues, resulting in the heart pumping less blood than it receives and blood accumulates in the Chambers of the heart.

Myocardial infraction (heart block)

the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen because of a reduced blood supply, and muscle cells die.

angina pectoris

chest pain is experienced because of an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Characterized by a severe squeezing or pressure-like chest pain.

unstable angina

acute coronary syndrome, causes unexpected chest pain and usually occures while resting

prinzmetals (variant angina)

occurs when a person is at rest, usually between midnight and early morning.

hypertension

systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. (does not have symptoms)

stroke

interruption of the oxygen supply to a specific area of the brain caused by a rupture or obstruction of the blood vessel, resulting in a loss of consciousness.

Hemorrhagic

type of stroke occurs when a weekend blood vessel ruptures

ischemic

a temporary reduction in oxygen and blood in a portion of the brain

hyperglycemia

an elevation of one o more of the lipoprotein levels

atherosclerosis

a buildup of fatty materials or plaque, usually cholesterol, in the arterial blood vessels

COPD

includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is chronic lung disease that makes it hard to breathe.

Emphysema

destruction of alveoli, walls, or air sacs, of the lungs, resulting in the obstruction of the airflow.

Capsules instabilty

changes in physical appearance of the capsule or its contents, such as hardening, brittleness, or softening of the shell

solutions/elixirs/syrups instability

formation of precipitates, discoloration, haziness , gas, and microbial growth, unclear and inappropriate color or odor

suspensions instability

difficulty in re suspending, crystal growth, nonuniform particle size distribution and viscosity

emlusions instability

nonuniform globule size distribution and viscosity, breaking, creaming, gas formation, discoloration, and microbial growth.

ointment instability

nonuniform appearance and uncharacteristic growth, grittiness, and change in consisten

creams

nonuniform appearance or uncharacteristic growth, emulsion breakage, shrinking die to evaporation, crystal growth, microbial contamination and discoloration

gel instability

nonuniform appearance and uncharacteristic odor, shrinkage, seperation of liquid from gels, oil stains on the packaging

suppository instability

nonuniform appearance, excessive softening, drying, hardening, shriveling

Chemical incompatibility

oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, intrionic compatibility, decarboxylation, racemization, epimerization

freezer

-25C through -10C (-13F through 14F)

cold

not to exceed 8C (46F)

cool

8C through 15C (46F through 59F

room temperature

15C through 30C (59F through 86F)

warm

30C through 40C (86F through 104F)

excessive heat

any temperature above 40C (104F)

dry temperature

conditions do not exceed 40% humidity at controlled room temperature

BUD (beyond use date)

the day after which a compound preparation shall not be used and is determined from the data when the preparation is compounded

USP 795

nonsterile products

USP 797

sterile products

USP 800

hazardous products