Key Vocab APHUG

Census

A census collects info on an area's population. It includes demographic data like age, gender, race, and housing. It's used for research, planning, and policy-making.

Clustering

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Clustered concentration is when objects in an area are close together. An example of clustered concentration is when houses are built very close together and the houses have smaller lots.

Dispersal

refers to the movement of individuals or organisms away from their place of origin or from a center of concentration. This can occur for various reasons, such as to find new resources, to avoid competition, or to colonize new areas. Dispersal can occur through various means, including migration, seed dispersal, or spore dispersal.

Distance decay

The interaction between two places decreases as distance increases. It can be seen in migration, trade, and communication. The farther apart places are, the less likely people will interact or exchange goods and ideas.

Friction of distance

refers to the idea that distance creates friction or obstacles in communication and transportation. The farther apart two locations are, the more difficult it becomes to exchange goods, services, and ideas between them. This concept is often used in geography and urban planning to understand the impact of distance on human interactions and the development of cities and regions.

Geographic System (GIS)

 A computer system that collects, organizes and displays geographic data for analysis.

Large scale maps 

show a smaller amount of area with a greater amount of detail.

Meridian of longitude

the set of curving imaginary lines that run North-South, coming together at the poles. They measure distance, in degrees, East or West of the Prime Meridian.

Parallel of latitude

Latitude varies from 0 degrees (equator) to 90 degrees north and south (the poles). A line connecting all points of the same latitude 

Place

A specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places. 

Reference Maps

 maps that show where something is in space. Their purpose is to display geographical data (landforms, coastlines, waterways, etc.) and political data (political boundaries, settlements, transportation networks, etc.)

Scale of analysis

include global, regional, national, and local. Patterns and processes at different scales reveal variations i and interpretations of, data. REGIONAL ANALYSIS. Regions are defined on the basis of one or more unifying characteristics or on patterns of activity.

Site

The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant.

Situation

The location of a place relative to other places.

Small-scale maps

world maps or maps of large regions such as continents or large nations, because the representative fraction is relatively small.

Spatial association

the degree to which things are similarly arranged over space.These things (temperature, rainfall, and rainforests) are associated with each other: to make a rainforest, you need high temperatures and lots of rain. And because they are associated, they end up in the same space.

Sustainability

the use of the earths renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future. 

Thematic Maps

maps that tell a story about a place. They display the same geographical or political data shown on general maps as a base layer but then map some physical, economic, or cultural phenomenon or top of that base layer.

Time-space compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system

Toponyms

The name given to a place on Earth.

Agricultural density

measures the number of farmers per unit area of farmland

Arithmetic density

 the total number of people in any given area as compared to one square unit of land.

Asylum seekers

migrants to another country that are hoping to be recognized as refugees

Brain drain

the emigration (out-migration) of knowledgeable, well-educated, and skilled professionals from their home country to another country.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the ratio of the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a given population.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the number of infant deaths (children under 5 years old) per 1,000 live births.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

an estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years,

Natural Rate of Increase (NIR)

the birth rate minus the death rate.

Carrying capacity

seeing the amount of a population an environment can support.

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Circular migration

the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment. Ex: College Student

Cohort population

a population group that's distinguished by a certain characteristic.

Dependency ratio

refers to the percentage of people within a population who are either too young or too old to work and must therefore be supported by the labor of working adults within that population.

Ecumene

used to describe land that is permanently populated by human society.

Guest worker

 a foreign worker who has been temporarily aloud to work in a host country.

Internal migration

moving within a state, country, or continent

Internally displaced person

the forced movement of people within the country they live in.

Intervening obstacles

a environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

Intervening opportunities

 A feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one.

Malthusian Theory

the idea that exponential increases in the population growth would surpass arithmetical increases in the food supply and lead to widespread famine.

Neo-Malthusians

advocate for programs and policies designed to control population growth, so they would be most likely to support a program that limits family size to two children.

Physiological density

the number of people per unit area of arable land.

Population distribution

 the pattern of where the people live. 

Refugees

people who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival

Remittance

Money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash,

Step migration

gradual migration, from farm to village to town to big city

Transhumance

 a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures

Transnational migration

A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit.

Voluntary migration

comes from a person's choice to relocate to an opportunity instead of an encroaching fear for safety.

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Assimilation

when the minority culture integrates, absorbs the host culture, and in the process loses aspects of their native customs

Built environment

Produced by the physical material culture, the built environment is the tangible human creation on the landscape.

Centripetal Force

a force or attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.

Centrifugal force

 forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state.

Colonialism

the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over

imperialism

the practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination

Creolization

The process in which two or more languages converge and form a new language (used to describe languages in the Caribbean when slavery and colonization merged cultures.

Cultural convergence

 where different. cultures become similar or even come together.

Cultural divergence

 the tendency for culture to become increasingly dissimilar with passage of time. Example: Amish people resist outside influences of modern. technology, clothes. and pop culture.

Cultural landscape

a place with many layers of history that evolves through design and use over time. 

Dialects

 a regional variation of a language that can be distinguished by its distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, and spelling.

Ethnic religions

relate closely to culture, ethnic heritage, and to the physical geography of a particular place. They do not attempt to appeal to all people, but only one group, maybe in one locale or within one ethnicity. Judaism and Hinduism are two prime examples.

Ethnocentrism

the feeling that one's own ethnic group is superior

Global Culture

 a culture shared worldwide based on western ideals on consumption and attitudes towards the physical environment.

Modern culture

Hearth

a place where innovations and new ideas originate and diffuse to other places 

Indigenous culture

a culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation.

Isogloss

 a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions. It can be a boundary between two different languages, or, more frequently, the boundary between two different dialects of the same language.

Land-use patterns

the way in which land is used within a given area. It includes the types of land uses that are present, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and natural, as well as the spatial arrangement of these land uses

Language families

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Lingua franca

 a language that combines simple words from multiple languages so that people who need to understand one another, in order to conduct trade and facilitate business, are able to communicate with one another.

Multiculturalism

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Postmodern architecture

tries to design buildings that are visually pleasing to human beings and provide modern humans with a link to their past.

Sense of place

Sequent occupancy

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings.

Syncretism

 the blending of cultures and ideas from different places.

Time-space convergence

the process of travel time diminishing as technological advancements in transportation and communication bring places closer together.

Toponyms

the study of geographical names, or place names, of a particular region.

Expansion Diffusion

when innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations. For example, Islam has spread throughout the world, yet stayed strong in the Middle East, where it was founded.

Universalizing religions

They look for new members and welcome anyone and everyone who wishes to adopt their belief system. Ex: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam,

Contagious Diffusion

spread of an. idea/trait/concept through a group of people or. an area equally without regard to social class, economic position, or position of power.

Hierarchical Diffusion

when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals. Think of the chain of command in businesses and the government. There's somewhat of a hierarchy in terms of the position of authority.

Stimulus Diffusion

When an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters. 

Relocation Diffusion

When people move, or relocate, they spread ideas along with them.

Autonomous regions

an area of a country that has degree of autonomy , or has freedom from an external authority. balance of power. condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. EX: Kurdistan is an autonomous region in northern Iraq with its own parliament, government, and military. Kurdistan has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and economic development within its borders.

Chokepoints

geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict. can be a strait, a mountain pass, a tunnel, or even a bridge.

Commonwealth

governmental organization consists of 53 member states that include most of the colonies of the former British Empire (Bangladesh, Canada, India, Pakistan, etc.). 

Devolution

The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or breakup of a large state (balkanization) into several independent ones

Federal states

A country where governmental authority is shared among a central government and various other smaller, regional authorities. Sometimes referred to as federalism.

Gerrymandering

the process wherein political officials redraw electoral districts to favor a certain political party, ethnic group

Irredentism

 a political movement that is strongly tied to nationalism. It is a political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory. 

Law of the sea

each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast.

Multinational states

 a state that contains an ethnic group with the desire of self determination (self rule) 

Multistate nations

when a nation stretches across borders and across states.

Nation-states

A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. Japan, Iceland, Denmark).

Nations

A group of people bound together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland

Neocolonialism

the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means.

Self-determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments.

Semi-autonomous regions

area where a group has some type of political autonomy.