AP Chem Areas I was struggling with

filitration

used to seperate a solid from a liquid or a solid from a solution (often isolates precipitates)

distillation

seperates substances with different boiling points

chromotography

seperates substances with different types of intermolecular forces

mobile phase

substnace that passes through more quickly (solvent that carries mixture

stationary phase

substance packing the column

relationship between solubility and heat

solubility of gases decreases when temperature increases, while the solubility of most solids increases with higher temperatures.

henrys law

solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportiona to the pressure of the gas directly over the solution

(this is why gas fizzes to the top when you open a soda)

what increases the Rf (distance a compound travels relative to the solvent front) value

the more strongly a solute interacts with the movile phase relative to the stationary phase, the higher the Rf value is

What does UV or visible light cause electrons to do?

UV or visible light causes electrons to absorb energy and move to higher energy levels, leading to electronic transitions in atoms or molecules.

what does infrared radiation causes molecules to do

Infrared radiation causes molecules to absorb energy and undergo vibrational transitions, leading to changes in the molecular bond lengths and angles.

what does microwave radiation causes molecules to do

causes molecules to absorb energy and undergo rotational transitions, resulting in increased molecular motion.

spectroscopy

using color intensity to determine the concentration fo a solution

why do attractive forces decreases pressure

because they cause molecules to strike container less

how do stronger imfs influence vapor pressure

they reduce vapor pressure because stronger intermolecular forces hold the molecules more tightly, making it harder for them to escape into the vapor phase.

how to solve questions asking you how many moles of something are added to a sample in a titration problem how do u do it

1) find the amount of moles of the substance added in buret

2) use mole to mole ratio to convert to desired substance and whatever u get is the final answer

how to solve a question asking you what the amount of substance is required to consume an acid here is what u do

1) convert substance in question to moles

2) convert to moles of substance you are trying to identify using mole to mole ratio

3) mass of substance ur given/ number you got in step 2

how to solve problem asking you how many moles have been produced

1) find limiting reactant

2) use mole to mole ratio to convert to substance you want

what does rate of dissapearance measure

measures how quickly a reactant is consumed in a chemical reaction, often expressed as the change in concentration over time.

what does rate of appearance measure

measures how quickly a product is formed in a chemical reaction, typically expressed as the change in concentration of the product over time.

steps for solving half life

1) 0.693/ half life time

2)set up equation with provided mass multiplied by e^-(number you got in step 1) (actual time the substance has taken before)

-this is your final answer