Biology 2- Chapter 30: The Circulatory System

The ______ system transports gases and nutrients throughout the body within a fluid called ______.

circulatory; blood

The heart, ______, and vessels are the three main components of a circulatory system.

blood

What circulatory system component is a pump?

heart

Glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are transported by the circulatory system in the

blood

In a(n) _________ circulatory system, a heart pumps fluid through vessels that open into the body cavity. Within the body cavity, the fluid exchanges materials with the body's cells before flowing back into the heart through pores.

open

What is the main fluid that is transports substances within the vertebrate circulatory system?

blood

Select all the animals that have open circulatory systems.

-most mollusks

-arthropods

Select all the components of the vertebrate circulatory system.

-heart

-vessels

-blood

What describes a closed circulatory system?

The blood remains in vessels and circulates to and from the body and back to the heart.

In the circulatory system, an organ called the _______ acts as a pump that keeps blood moving through vessels.

heart

What type of circulatory system is the most efficient in terms of nutrient delivery, waste removal, and meeting metabolic needs of organs?

closed circulatory system

Select all the substances that are transported in the blood.

-Glucose

-Carbon dioxide

-Oxygen

In an open circulatory system, such as that found in insects, a heart pumps fluid

through short, open-ended vessels that lead to the body cavity

As vertebrate circulatory systems evolved, blood flow to organs of gas exchange

became separated from blood flow to the rest of the body.

Select all the animals that have closed circulatory systems.

-annelids

-octopuses

-vertebrates

Match the letter to the left of each figure with the groups of animals that have that type of circulation.

-A --> fish and larval amphibians

-B --> adult amphibians and nonavian reptiles

-C --> birds and mammals

Vertebrates have ______ circulatory systems in which blood remains within vessels that exchange materials with the fluid surrounding the body's tissues.

closed

In fishes, blood moves from the ventricle of the heart directly to the ______ to load oxygen and unload carbon dioxide, then circulates to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

gills

Select all the correct choices that accurately compare the advantages and disadvantages of open and closed circulatory systems.

-A closed circulatory system has the flexibility to direct blood to or from specific areas, while an open system cannot.

-An order circulatory system has fewer vessels than a closed system and has less energetic costs.

-In a closed circulatory system, waste removal and nutrient delivery are more efficient because of the higher blood pressure.

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that the blood enters when returning from the body or lungs.

atrium

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood away from the heart, to the gas exchange organs or to the rest of the body.

ventricle

As terrestrial vertebrates evolved, blood flow to the organs of ______ became increasingly separated from blood flow to the rest of the body.

gas exchange

Correctly match the animals with the numbers of chambers found in their hearts.

-2 --> larval amphibians (tadpoles)

-3 --> adult amphibians and most nonavian reptiles

-4 --> birds and mammals

Blood exchanges gases at the lungs and then returns to the heart during ______ circulation.

pulmonary

In what animals does blood flow directly from the gas exchange organs to the rest of the body before returning to the heart?

fishes

Systemic circulation describes

the circulation of blood to the body and back to the heart.

In fish, blood enters the heart through a chamber called the

atrium

Select the choice that accurately describes blood circulation in a frog.

Blood from the two atria mixes in the single ventricle and is pumped to the lungs and the body.

In fish, blood exits the heart from the

ventricle.

In birds and mammals, the high-oxygen blood from the lungs is not mixed with the high-carbon dioxide blood from the body because the heart has

two atria and two ventricles.

Match each function of blood with its correct description.

-Gas exchange --> transport of oxygen from respiratory organs to body tissues; transport of carbon dioxide back to lungs

-Nutrient Transport --> transport of molecules absorbed by digestive sysstem to tissue in the body

-Protection --> blood clotting; white blood cells participating in the body's defene

-Formation of Interstitial Fluids --> leakage of blood plasma to form fluid that surrounds cells

-Waste Transport --> transport of urea to the kidneys for excretion as urine

During pulmonary circulation, blood exchanges gases at the ______ then returns to the ______.

lungs; heart

Blood is a type of a(n) ______ tissue.

connective

In ______ circulation, blood circulates to the tissues of the body, unloads oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide, and then returns to the heart.

systemic

_____ is the liquid part of blood and consists of water and dissolved substances.

Plasma

The frog's blood circulation pattern begins with the left atrium receiving blood that is high in oxygen from the _________ and the right atrium receiving blood from the rest of the body that is high in carbon dioxide. The blood from the two atria of the heart mix in the single _________ of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body.

lungs; ventricle

Select all the animals that have four-chambered hearts.

-mammals

-crocodiles

-birds

What component of the circulatory system functions in protection, gas exchange, and pH homeostasis?

blood

A connective tissue called ______ contains several types of cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma.

blood

Antibodies and clotting factors are two of the 70 types of ______ dissolved in plasma.

proteins

Plasma is the

liquid portion of the blood and is composed of about 90% water.

In humans, ________ blood cells lack nuclei, ribosomes, and mitochondria, which maximizes space for hemoglobin.

red

Select the choice that accurately describes the blood circulation pattern of birds and mammals.

Blood from the lungs and body are kept separate before being pumped to the lungs and body.

Red blood cells are packed with an oxygen-carrying pigment called

hemoglobin.

Select all the functions of the blood.

-Gas exchange

-Transport of hormones

-Transport of nutrients

-Immune response

Where do red blood cells originate?

red bone marrow

Select all of the following that are dissolved in plasma.

-glucose

-ions

-hormones

-CO2

-proteins

-metabolic wastes

Human blood types derive from various molecules that appear on the surfaces of

red blood cells.

Red blood cells are also called

erythrocytes.

If a person has only marker A on his or her red blood cells, the person has type ________ blood; if only marker B is present, the person is type _________ ; if markers A and B are present, the person is type _________; and if neither marker is present, the person is type __________.

A; B; AB; O

Hemoglobin is a pigment molecule that contains four ______ atoms, each of which can bind to a molecule of ______.

iron; oxygen

A person with type B blood contains antibodies against ______ and can receive a transfusion of ______ without an agglutination reaction.

molecule A; type B blood

How do red blood cells generate ATP?

fermentation

About 90% of plasma consists of

water.

What determines blood type in humans?

carbohydrate markers on the surface of red blood cells

A component of blood called __________ blood cells are called leukocytes and participate in immune responses.

white

Match each blood type with the correct marker present on the red blood cells.

-type A --> only A marker

-type B --> only B marker

-type AB --> markers A and B

-type O --> no A or B markers

Select all of the characteristics of white blood cells.

-lack hemoglobin

-five types found in blood

-play a role in immune response

-contain a nucleus

If a person has type A blood and is accidentally given type B blood during a blood transfusion, the antibodies in the type A blood cause a reaction called

agglutination.

The overproduction of white blood cells indicates a type of

cancer called leukemia.

Select all of the following that describe red blood cells.

-live for about 120 days

-components recycled

-destroyed by the spleen

Blood clotting is initiated by

platelets.

Leukocytes are ______, which originate in the red bone marrow, have nuclei, and lack hemoglobin.

white blood cells

A platelet originates in the bone marrow as a ______ within a large cell.

vesicle

Select all the functions of white blood cells.

-Secrete signaling molecules for inflammation

-Produce antibodies

-Destroy microbes in the body

For proper blood clotting to occur, various plasma _______ and platelets are needed.

proteins

Leukemia is a type of cancer that is caused by the overproduction of abnormal ________ blood cells, which leads to the underproduction of red blood cells resulting in anemia.

white

What is an inherited blood clotting disorder?

hemophilia

The cardiovascular system consists of the

blood, blood vessels, and heart

Small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting are called __________.

platelets

What is formed from a vesicle that enlarges and then is shed from a mother cell within the bone marrow?

platelet

Match each letter from the diagram with the correct vein.

-A --> jugular vein

-B --> superior vena cava

-C --> femoral vein

A plug of solidified blood called a ______ forms by a cascade of reactions involving ______ feedback loops.

blood clot; positive

The largest blood vessels leading away from the heart are called

arteries.

Hemophilia is a disorder caused by

the absence of normal blood clotting factors.

Blood is carried to the heart after it has circulated through the body by blood vessels called _____, and vessels called ______ carry blood away from the heart to the body.

veins; arteries

The transportation network of blood, blood vessels, and heart is often called the ______ system.

cardiovascular

The connective tissue that surrounds the heart is called the

pericardium.

Match each letter from the diagram with the correct label.

-A --> carotid artery

-B --> aorta

-C --> pulmonary artery

-D --> renal artery

-E --> femoral artery

Rank the following blood vessels from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom.

1. arteries

2. arterioles

3. capillaries

Blood flowing away from the heart travels through ______, and blood flowing to the heart travels through ______.

arteries; veins

Match the letter at the end of the red arrow in the diagram with the correct name of the structure on the right.

-A --> superior vena cava

-B --> right ventricle

-C --> inferior vena cava

-D --> aorta

-E --> left atrium

-F --> left ventricle

What is the name of the thick layer of muscle that makes up the walls of the heart?

myocardium

The pericardium consists of two tissue layers with ______ in between them, allowing the heart to freely move.

lubricating fluid

In a four-chambered heart, blood from the atria is pumped directly to the

ventricles.

The largest artery in the body is the

aorta.

Rank the blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the largest (at the top) to smallest (at the bottom).

1. veins

2. venules

3. capillaries

In humans, oxygen-depleted blood leaves the ________ side of the heart and travels to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood enters the _________ side of the heart and travels to the rest of the body.

right; left

What part of the heart ensures that the blood moves in one direction, through the atria to the ventricles and out through the vessels leaving the heart?

valves

The arteries that supply blood to the myocardium of the heart are called ______ arteries.

coronary

The myocardium of the heart consists of

cardiac muscle.

A single beat of the heart, including contraction and relaxation, is called the ______ cycle.

cardiac

In a four-chambered heart, the _______ act as primer pumps for the _________, which pump the blood to the lungs and rest of the body.

atriums; ventricle

What type of muscle cells are connected by gap junctions that allow action potentials to spread from cell to cell?

cardiac muscle

Match the name of the blood vessel on the left with its function on the right.

-Pulmonary artery --> carries blood from the heart to the lungs

-Pulmonary vein --> carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart

-Aorta --> receives blood from the left ventricle

-Vena cavae --> return blood from systemic circulation to the right atrium

Place the structures in the order that blood flows through them, starting at the top with the right atrium.

1. right atrium

2. right ventricle

3. pulmonary arteries

4. pulmonary veins

5. left atrium

6. left ventricle

What region of specialized cardiac muscle cells causes the atria to contract and sets the tempo of the heartbeat?

sinoatrial node

The coronary arteries are vessels that branch off from the ______, and the coronary vein enters the ______.

aorta; right atrium

The ________ cycle consists of the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle during a single heartbeat.

cardiac

What part of the heart is the pacemaker?

sinoatrial node