3750: Final Exam Content

What are the 3 constructs of burnout?

Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, & decreased personal accomplishment

What is used to assess burnout?

Maslach’s Burnout Inventory

Maslach’s Burnout Inventory has versions for which demographics?

medical personnel, human social workers, educators, general use, & students

What score for the subscale “emotional exhaustion” = high burnout?

> 27

What score for the subscale “depersonalization” = high burnout?

> 13

What score for the subscale “personal accomplishment” = high burnout?

0-30

ICD-11 recognizes burnout syndrome as:

an occupational phenomenon

Which 2 pharmacist organizations have discussed burnout and tried to come up with solutions?

ASHP & APhA

Cost-Minimization Analysis

used when outcomes are the same to compare cost only

Cost-Benefit Analysis

outcomes converted to monetary value to compare

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis:

outcomes in natural units

Cost-Utility Analysis

outcomes in QALY’s

What is the most used form of economic evaluation in the health sector?

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

What does ICER stand for?

Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio

If the ICER is above the threshold:

not cost effective

If the ICER is below the threshold

is cost effective

What is on the X-axis of the cost-effectiveness plane?

effectiveness

What is on the Y-axis of the cost effectiveness plane?

Cost

When is a treatment dominant?

When it is less costly and more effective

how is ICER calculated?

(C2 - C1) / (QALY2 - QALY1)

What is the most common health outcome measure used in decision-making?

QALYs

A 0 in utility represents:

death

A 1 in utility represents:

perfect health

When does a treatment result in higher QALY’s?

the longer you live and the healthier you are

How are QALY’s calculated?

years of life x utility value

Human capital method of measuring indirect costs:

values productivity loss based on future earnings. may overestimate costs

Friction cost method of measuring indirect costs:

considers productivity loss only during the replacement (friction) period. lowers cost estimates

Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) method of measuring indirect costs:

measures how much ppl are willing to pay to avoid adverse outcomes. captures both indirect and intangible costs

When are adjustment costs needed?

when costs are estimated from more than 1 year before the study

treatment of an ADR is which type of cost?

Direct medical cost

Which type of cost should be considered in case the perspective of the economic analysis is the healthcare system?

medical, morbidity, mortality, & non-medical costs

how is the benefit to cost ratio calculated?

(total benefits) / (total costs)

What benefit to cost ratio is considered cost-beneficial?

> 1