MET 101/1201: Meteorology da Tsarin Rana

Flashcards na hausawa don nazarin darrusan meteorology, tsarin sararin samaniya, tsarin duniya, da hasashen yanayi.

Meteorology

Karatun kimiyya na yanayin sararin samaniya na duniya, wanda ya haɗa da yanayi (weather) da yanayin kishin ƙasa (climate patterns).

Weather

Yanayin sararin samaniya na wani wuri a takamaiman lokaci ko na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ake siffantawa da abubuwa kamar zafi, iska, da ruwan sama.

Climate

Matsakaicin yanayin sararin samaniya da aka samu ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan yanayi na tsawon shekaru $30-35$.

Nitrogen ($N_2$)

Iskat da ta mamaye kusan kashi $78.08\%$ na girman busasshiyar iska a sararin samaniya ƙasa da $25\,km$.

Oxygen ($O_2$)

Iskar da ke mamaye kashi $20.95\%$ na girman iska, wacce take raguwa yayin da kwayoyin halitta ke rubewa ko yayin numfashi.

Condensation

Tsarin canza tururin ruwa (water vapor) zuwa ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa.

Evaporation

Tsarin canza ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa zuwa tururin ruwa (water vapor).

Greenhouse Gases

Iskoki kamar $CO_2$ da $CH_4$ waɗanda ke kama hasken da duniya ke fitarwa, suna haifar da dumamar yanayi (greenhouse effect).

Methane ($CH_4$)

Iskar greenhouse da ake samu daga wuraren da ruwa ya kwanta (wetlands), gonakin shinkafa, da sharar gida.

Troposphere

Sashi mafi ƙasa na sararin samaniya inda ake samun duk wani yanayi na hazo da iska, yana ɗauke da kashi $75\%$ na nauyin iskar duniya.

Tropopause

Iyakar da ke saman troposphere wacce ke zama kamar 'murfi' don hana cakuduwar iska da ke sama.

Stratosphere

Sashin da ya tashi daga tropopause har zuwa kusan $50\,km$, yana ɗauke da mafi yawan ozone na duniya.

Mesosphere

Sashin da ke sama da stratopause inda sanyi yake kai matakin kusan $-133^\circ C$ (haka kuma $140\,K$).

Thermosphere

Sashi mafi girma inda iska take da ƙarancin yawa sosai kuma zafi yana ƙaruwa sakamakon shan hasken ultraviolet.

Ionosphere

Sunan da ake kira sassan sararin samaniya da ke sama da $80\,km$ inda hasken rana ke haifar da cajin lantarki (ionization).

Mercury

Duniyar da ta fi kusa da Rana kuma ita ce mafi zafi, tana zagaye Rana a cikin kwanaki $88$.

Venus

Duniyar da ake kira 'tagwayen duniya' (Earth twin) saboda kusancin girmansu, nauyinsu, da yawansu.

Earth

Ita ce duniyar da mutane ke rayuwa kuma tana da 'satellite' guda ɗaya mai suna Wata (Moon).

Jupiter

Duniyar da ta fi kowace girma a cikin tsarin sararin samaniya, tana da 'satellites' guda $12$.

Geoid

Kalmar da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana siffar duniyarmu (Earth).

Lithosphere

Sashin waje na duniya mai tauri wanda ya haɗa da ɓawon duniya (crust) da saman riga (upper mantle).

Asthenosphere

Sashin 'mantle' da ke ƙasan lithosphere inda duwatsu suka narke kaɗan kuma suke iya yin motsi.

Numerical Weather Prediction

Hasashen yanayi ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta da dabarun lissafi don bayyana sauyin zafi da matsin lamba.

Prognostic Chart (Prog)

Taswirar hasashen yanayi ta karshe da kwanfuta ta zana don nuna yanayin da za a samu a nan gaba.

Milutin Milankovitch

Masanin lissafin da ya yi nazarin yadda sauye-sauyen hanyoyin zagayen duniya ke shafar yawan hasken rana da duniya ke samu.

Eccentricity Cycle

Zagaye na tsawon shekaru $100,000$ inda siffar hanyar zagayen duniya ke canzawa tsakanin oval da circular.

Obliquity Cycle

Zagaye na tsawon shekaru $41,000$ inda karkacewar duniyarmu take canzawa tsakanin $22.0^\circ$ zuwa $24.5^\circ$.

Precession Cycle

Zagayen shekaru $21,000$ wanda ke ƙayyade lokacin da duniya za ta kasance mafi kusa da rana (perihelion) a cikin shekara.