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Importance of nutrition
affects all life processes
single largest cost in animal products
lease cost rations that supply all necessary nutrients
avoid competition with humans
nutrient
substance that provides nourishment for growth and life
nutrition
study of how the body converts food/feed into products used by the body
Basic: study of metabolism, mechanism of action
Applied: study of feeding animals, implement dietary strategies
feed
food eaten by animals
feedstuff
material used in animal feed
palatability
desirableness of food
affected by taste, smell, texture
diet
type of feed an animal eats
ration
daily feed allotment
digestion
breakdown of food into smaller components that are most easily absorbed
mechanical: physical breakdown of food
chemical: changing chemical structure of food
absorption
movement of nutrients into a cell
monogastric digestion system
singe stomach that secretes acid
humans, pigs, dogs, cats
Avian digestion system
organ with stones to grind feed into smaller sizes
ruminants digestive system
multi-chambered stomach that ferments feedstuffs
cattle, sheep, goats
hindgut fermenters digestive system
single stomach, large cecum where fermentation occurs
horse
monogastric- esophagus
peristalsis, movement that keeps things moving along down the esophagus
monogastric- stomach
contracts to mix things up (start of chemical digestion with a pH of 2-3), contains some enzymes, minimum absorption
monogastric, Ruminants, Avian & Hindgut fermenters- Small Intestine
3 sections- duodenum, jejunum, ileum
finish digestion (chemical) and absorption
enzymes
monogastric- Large Intestine
cecum- microbes that ferment undigested nutrients, the release of VFAs
colon- holds feces, water absorption
rectum- where feces leaves the body
avian- mouth
allows ingestion of food
avian-crop
stores undigested feed, moisten the food
avian- proventriculus
low pH, chemical digestion
avian- gizzard
muscular, use grit/gravel to grind feedstuff
avian- large intestine
pair ceca, colon, cloaca
microbial fermentation, water absorption, feces and pee leaves body at same place/time (cloaca)
Ruminant- mouth
intake of feed, saliva, enzymes, chewing
Ruminant- Reverse peristalsis
when items from the rumen come back up the esophagus and into the mouth
ruminant- stomach
rumen- 80% of the stomach, microbes- ferment feed, VFAs (voluntary fatty acids- energy, neutral pH, gas, absorption)
reticulum (filter for small particles; catches foreign particles)
omasum (absorption of water)
abomasum (HCl, low pH)
ruminants- Large Intestine
cecum- small amount of fermentation
colon- absorb H2O
Rectum- feces excretion
Hindgut fermenter- stomach
chemical digestion, HCl- low pH
Hindgut fermenter- LI
cecum- fermentation (only use VFA)
Large/small colon- water absorption
Rectum
categories of nutrients
water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals
functions of water
temp regulation
lubricates joints
chemical reactions
waste excretion
water is obtained through …
drinking
feed
chemical reactions- produce water
ad libitum
an animals free choice to intake water whenever and however much they want
water lost
urine
feces
lungs
sweat
milk
how much body weight is taken up by water
5-6%
dry matter
everything left after water is removed
as-fed
natural state of feed including water content
diets are based on a _____
dry matter basis
feeding diets are based on a _____
as-fed basis
the function of carbohydrates
energy- glucose
heat
converted to fat
how are carbohydrates obtained
grains
forages
protein
ruminants can use most kinds of CHO (t/f)
true
Horses ferment CHO in hindgut (t/f)
true
simple sugars
monosaccharides- glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides- lactose, sucrose, maltose
complex sugars
starch
cellulose- not digested by livestock
lignin- not digested, poor fermentation
protein
NH2 (amine) group and CHO
peptide bonds
functions of proteins
lean tissue
enzymes
hormones
metabolites
excess- for energy
protein is obtained through …
oil seed meals
fish meal
protein- amino acids
essential- not made in body; added into feed
nonessential- made by host
protein- non-protein nitrogen
only useful in ruminants
microbes
Function of Fats
energy storage
2.5x energy as carbohydrates by weight
insulation
temp regulation
most fed contains <5% lipid
Fats are obtained through
oils and fats
categories of fats
essential fatty acids
monogastric- linoleic, linolenic
ruminants- none
fatty acids
saturated- no double bonds, animal fats
unsaturated- 1+ double bonds, plant sources
triglyceride
3 fatty acids + glycerol
vitamins
function:
regulate body functions
growth
metabolism
obtained through:
Feed/supplements (VTM premix)
categories of vitamins
fat soluble
A,D,E,K
stored in fat
essential for monogastics and ruminants
Water soluble
B complex, C
not stored
essential for monogastics only
minerals
function:
skeletal system
enzymes
fluid balance
acid/base balance
oxygen and nerve function
protein synthesis
immune system
obtain through:
feed/supplements
categories:
macromineral- large amounts
micromineral- small quantities (ppm)
roughages
carbohydrate source
high fiber
pasture, hay, silage
concentrates
carbohydrate source
grains (corn, soybeans, wheat, barley, oats)
energy by-products
molasses (sort of)
energy by-products
wet or dry distiller’s grains (DDGS)
ethanol by-product
corn gluten
corn starch, corn syrup by-product
beet pulp
sugar by-product
food waste
fat and oil
processed animal fats or fish oil
oils
cottonseed oil
soybean oil
corn oil
peanut oil
animal by-products
meat and bone meal
blood meal
fish meal
feather meal
dried skim milk
plant by-products
wet or distillers' grains
ethanol by-products
corn gluten
corn starch, corn syrup by-products
cottonseed meal
cottonseed oil by-product
soybean meal
soybean oil by-product
nonprotein nitrogen
urea
non-nutritive additives
color and flavor
health and digestion
hormones
drugs
antibiotics
therapeutic
subtherapeutic
ration composition depends on
feedstuffs
animal
purpose of animal