Nutrition

Importance of nutrition

• affects all life processes

• single largest cost in animal products

• lease cost rations that supply all necessary nutrients

• avoid competition with humans

nutrient

substance that provides nourishment for growth and life

nutrition

study of how the body converts food/feed into products used by the body

• Basic: study of metabolism, mechanism of action

• Applied: study of feeding animals, implement dietary strategies

feed

food eaten by animals

feedstuff

material used in animal feed

palatability

desirableness of food

• affected by taste, smell, texture

diet

type of feed an animal eats

ration

daily feed allotment

digestion

breakdown of food into smaller components that are most easily absorbed

• mechanical: physical breakdown of food

• chemical: changing chemical structure of food

absorption

movement of nutrients into a cell

monogastric digestion system

singe stomach that secretes acid

• humans, pigs, dogs, cats

Avian digestion system

organ with stones to grind feed into smaller sizes

ruminants digestive system

multi-chambered stomach that ferments feedstuffs

• cattle, sheep, goats

hindgut fermenters digestive system

single stomach, large cecum where fermentation occurs

• horse

monogastric- esophagus

peristalsis, movement that keeps things moving along down the esophagus

monogastric- stomach

contracts to mix things up (start of chemical digestion with a pH of 2-3), contains some enzymes, minimum absorption

monogastric, Ruminants, Avian & Hindgut fermenters- Small Intestine

3 sections- duodenum, jejunum, ileum

finish digestion (chemical) and absorption

enzymes

monogastric- Large Intestine

cecum- microbes that ferment undigested nutrients, the release of VFAs

colon- holds feces, water absorption

rectum- where feces leaves the body

avian- mouth

allows ingestion of food

avian-crop

stores undigested feed, moisten the food

avian- proventriculus

low pH, chemical digestion

avian- gizzard

muscular, use grit/gravel to grind feedstuff

avian- large intestine

pair ceca, colon, cloaca

microbial fermentation, water absorption, feces and pee leaves body at same place/time (cloaca)

Ruminant- mouth

intake of feed, saliva, enzymes, chewing

Ruminant- Reverse peristalsis

when items from the rumen come back up the esophagus and into the mouth

ruminant- stomach

rumen- 80% of the stomach, microbes- ferment feed, VFAs (voluntary fatty acids- energy, neutral pH, gas, absorption)

reticulum (filter for small particles; catches foreign particles)

omasum (absorption of water)

abomasum (HCl, low pH)

ruminants- Large Intestine

cecum- small amount of fermentation

colon- absorb H2O

Rectum- feces excretion

Hindgut fermenter- stomach

chemical digestion, HCl- low pH

Hindgut fermenter- LI

cecum- fermentation (only use VFA)

Large/small colon- water absorption

Rectum

categories of nutrients

water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals

functions of water

• temp regulation

• lubricates joints

• chemical reactions

• waste excretion

water is obtained through …

• drinking

• feed

• chemical reactions- produce water

ad libitum

an animals free choice to intake water whenever and however much they want

water lost

• urine

• feces

• lungs

• sweat

• milk

how much body weight is taken up by water

5-6%

dry matter

everything left after water is removed

as-fed

natural state of feed including water content

diets are based on a _____

dry matter basis

feeding diets are based on a _____

as-fed basis

the function of carbohydrates

energy- glucose

heat

converted to fat

how are carbohydrates obtained

grains

forages

protein

ruminants can use most kinds of CHO (t/f)

true

Horses ferment CHO in hindgut (t/f)

true

simple sugars

monosaccharides- glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides- lactose, sucrose, maltose

complex sugars

starch

cellulose- not digested by livestock

lignin- not digested, poor fermentation

protein

NH2 (amine) group and CHO

peptide bonds

functions of proteins

• lean tissue

• enzymes

• hormones

• metabolites

• excess- for energy

protein is obtained through …

• oil seed meals

• fish meal

protein- amino acids

essential- not made in body; added into feed

nonessential- made by host

protein- non-protein nitrogen

only useful in ruminants

microbes

Function of Fats

energy storage

• 2.5x energy as carbohydrates by weight

insulation

temp regulation

most fed contains <5% lipid

Fats are obtained through

oils and fats

categories of fats

essential fatty acids

• monogastric- linoleic, linolenic

• ruminants- none

fatty acids

• saturated- no double bonds, animal fats

• unsaturated- 1+ double bonds, plant sources

triglyceride

• 3 fatty acids + glycerol

vitamins

function:

• regulate body functions

• growth

• metabolism

obtained through:

• Feed/supplements (VTM premix)

categories of vitamins

fat soluble

• A,D,E,K

• stored in fat

• essential for monogastics and ruminants

Water soluble

• B complex, C

• not stored

• essential for monogastics only

minerals

function:

• skeletal system

• enzymes

• fluid balance

• acid/base balance

• oxygen and nerve function

• protein synthesis

• immune system

obtain through:

• feed/supplements

categories:

• macromineral- large amounts

• micromineral- small quantities (ppm)

roughages

carbohydrate source

high fiber

• pasture, hay, silage

concentrates

carbohydrate source

grains (corn, soybeans, wheat, barley, oats)

energy by-products

molasses (sort of)

energy by-products

wet or dry distiller’s grains (DDGS)

• ethanol by-product

corn gluten

• corn starch, corn syrup by-product

beet pulp

• sugar by-product

food waste

fat and oil

processed animal fats or fish oil

oils

• cottonseed oil

• soybean oil

• corn oil

• peanut oil

animal by-products

meat and bone meal

blood meal

fish meal

feather meal

dried skim milk

plant by-products

wet or distillers' grains

• ethanol by-products

corn gluten

• corn starch, corn syrup by-products

cottonseed meal

• cottonseed oil by-product

soybean meal

• soybean oil by-product

nonprotein nitrogen

urea

non-nutritive additives

color and flavor

health and digestion

hormones

drugs

antibiotics

• therapeutic

• subtherapeutic

ration composition depends on

feedstuffs

animal

purpose of animal