BP Agents Pt 2

Midterm through final

What is a unique benefit of electrical therapy?

Medication delivery through the skin

Charge is created by what?

Addition or removal of electrons

If a cell loses electrons, it becomes _____

More positive

If a cell gains electrons, it becomes ____

More negative

What is the term for an atom that has gained or lost electrons?

Ion

What are some external forces that affect charge of a cell?

Friction, heat, chemical, electrical

Like charges ____ and opposite charges ______

Repel, attract

True or false: charge is neither created nor destroyed, but it can be transfered

True

What is polarity?

Net charge, either negative or positive

Polarity creates a circuit through movement of what?

Charges repelling or attracting

When electrodes are placed on a patient, what role are they assuming?

One is the positive pole, one is the negative pole

Term for positive pole?

Anode

Term for negative pole?

Cathode

A positive pole attracts what kind of charge in the body?

Negative

A negative pole attracts what kind of charge in the body?

Positive

What is voltage?

Degree of force of attraction or repulsion

Greater force = _____ potential energy

Greater

How is voltage created in the body?

Uneven distribution of charged particles (electrons)

What is an example of elements creating voltage?

Chloride (-), sodium (+), potassium (+)

How do conductors work?

They collaborate movement of electrons

What are examples of conductors?

Metal

Water

Muscle

Nerve

Fluid

How do inductors work?

Inhibit movement of electrons

What are examples of inductors

Rubber

Plastic

Body fat

What is current?

The quantity of electrons flowing at a given time

A direct current moves from ____ to _____

Positive, negative or negative, positive

T/F: direct current and alternating current are not clinically applicable

True

Uni- or bi-directional flow with periodic ceases is called:

Pulsed current

More than 2 consecutive pulses is called:

A burst

The time between bursts is called:

Interburst interval

What are resistance factors in the body?

Skin, hair, fascia, ligaments, fat, bone, tendon

What is the electrochemical response in the body?

E-stim splits Na+ and Cl- within H2O

Electrochemical adverse effects are most common in which type of current?

Direct current

Electrochemical adverse effects are least common in which type of current?

Alternating current or biphasic

Annode attracts:

Acid

Cathode attracts:

Basic

The amount of heat produced by e-stim depends on:

Current, resistance, frequency

Mild redness of the skin is common response of

Electrothermal and electrochemical

____ Na+ exit for every ____ K+ that enter

3, 2

Nerve RMP =

-70mV

Skeletal muscle RMP =

-90mV

Which pad to the negatively charged ions collect at?

Cathode

One single AP results in muscle tension called:

Twitch

Muscle fibers stimulated so frequently that tension does not have time to relax in between is called:

Tetany

Subsequent mm twitches occurring before prior twitch fully resolves is called:

Twitch summation

What is the first muscle fiber reached by E-stim?

A-beta

Fibers deeper from stimulus will require ____ intensity

Increased

10 contraindications for E-stim

Carotid sinus

Eyes

Pacemaker

Thromboembolisms

Cardiac arrythmias

Osteomyelitis

Cancer

Abs of pregnant women

Airway

Siezures

5 precautions for E-stim

Metal implants

Open wounds

Impaired sensation/cognition

Surroundings - microwaves

Excessive adipose

If e-stim pads are different sizes, current will collect at which size pad?

The smaller one

if you place the pads closer to each other, what areas will you reach?

Superficial structures

What is the monopolar technique good for?

Wound healing, edema, medication delivery

What is the bipolar technique good for?

Anything muscle related - muscle spasms, muscle re-education, ROM

What is the placement method for monopolar e-stim?

1 small pad over target tissue, larger pad placed on alternative site

What is the placement method for bipolar e-stim?

2 pads of equal size placed over target tissue

What is the typical sensation from e-stim?

tingling, vibration, tv static

What is the typical motor response to e-stim?

some small muscle contractions before first big contraction

At what point of E-stim tx does pt tolerance improve?

1st session

If a patient is experiencing pain with E-stim, what things can you do to make them more comfortable?

Glide the pads around in area - after finding a good spot, pull off and move

Increase frequency

Lower intensity

True or false: muscle must be innervated to respond to e-stim

True

Peripheral nerve injury effects response to e-stim in what way?

Could limit or fully inhibit response

CNS injury alone should have what kind of motor response?

Strong

PNS injury alone should have what kind of motor response?

Delayed, decreased, or inconsistent

If there is severe PNS injury with no remaining innervation, what kind of response will there be?

No response

When should you treat with NMES?

To evoke muscle contraction - muscle strength, neuromuscular reeducation, biofeedback