AP Psychology Unit A: Learning Theories

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to learning theories in AP Psychology.

Cognitive Map

Mental representation of the physical layout of an environment (Tolman's maze studies).

Continuous Reinforcement

Delivering reinforcement every single time a response occurs.

Edward Tolman

Psychologist whose maze work demonstrated learning without reinforcement.

Fixed Interval Schedule

Schedule in which the first response after a set time is reinforced; produces a 'scalloped' pattern.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., piece-work pay).

Latent Learning

Learning acquired without reinforcement and revealed only when an incentive appears.

Learned Helplessness

Hopeless resignation that develops after repeated, uncontrollable aversive events.

Martin Seligman

Psychologist who introduced the term 'learned helplessness.'

Partial Reinforcement

Pattern in which only some correct responses are reinforced; slower learning but strong resistance to extinction.

Superstitious Behavior

Behavior that persists because an irrelevant act is accidentally paired with reinforcement or punishment (e.g., a 'lucky' pen).

Variable Interval Schedule

Reinforcement after varying time intervals; produces slow, steady responding with unpredictable pauses.

Variable Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses; produces the highest, steadiest rate.