A+P 1 exam 2 4C

identify the major tissue:

lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface

epithelium

identify the major tissue:

pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat

muscle

identify the major tissue:

forms endocrine and exocrine glands

epithelium

identify the major tissue:

anchors, packages, and supports body organs

connective tissue

identify the major tissue:

classified based on the shape and arrangement of the cells

epithelium

identify the major tissue:

derived from mesenchyme

connective tissue

identify the major tissue:

major function is to contract

muscle

identify the major tissue:

transmits electrical signals

nervous tissue

identify the major tissue:

consists of cells within an extracellular matrix

connective tissue

identify the major tissue:

most widespread tissue in the body

connective tissue

identify the major tissue:

forms nerves and the brain

nervous tissue

Describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue

(1) The cells fit closely together, forming sheetlike membranes.

(2) Little intercellular material between the cells.

(3) Avascular.

(4) Membrane has a free edge.

(5) Generally has a high regenerative capacity.

For each function listed, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function:

Function 1: Protection

stratified squamous epithelium—skin

For each function listed, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function:

Function 2: Diffusion

simple squamous epithelium—lungs (lining of the alveoli)

For each function listed, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function:

Function 3: Secretion

simple columnar epithelium—glandular cells (stomach)

For each function listed, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function:

Function 4: Filtration

simple cuboidal epithelium—kidney tubule cells

For each function listed, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function:

Function 5: Absorption

simple cuboidal epithelium—cells lining the digestive tract (small intestine)

What structural feature do epithelia that provide for protection have in common?

They are all stratified.

Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium with special characteristics.

How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia?

When stretched, its top layers are squamous, but when not stretched, its top layers are pillow-shaped.

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Endocrine glands are ductless glands.

Exocrine glands maintain their ducts and manufacture secretions of various types which are ducted to the body surface.

What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?

Common origin of connective tissue from mesenchyme

varied degrees of vascularity

a large amount of extracellular matrix that varies with tissue type.

What functions are performed by connective tissue?

Protection, support, and the binding together of other body tissues.

Transportation of substances within the body is another function

How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?

There is a wide variety in the structures of connective tissue. This is reflected in the wide variety of functions they perform. Also, the large amount of nonliving matrix seen

provides the strength needed to protect the body and carry out the normal functions of the body.

choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones

dense regular

choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

insulates against heat loss

adipose

choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

forms the fibrous joint capsule

dense irregular

Choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

makes up the intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage

Choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix

areolar

Choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs and the embryonic skeleton

hyaline cartilage

Choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

provides a flexible framework for the external ear

elastic cartilage

Choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

provides levers for muscles to act on

osseous tissue

Choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below.

forms the walls of large arteries

elastic connective

What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons

irritability and conductivity

In what ways are neurons similar to other cells

They contain a nucleus and the usual organelles.

How are neurons structurally different from other cells?

Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes.

Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body.

Neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances in the body. This is facilitated by their long cytoplasmic extensions

The superficial region ofthe skin is the _____ composed of _____ _______ ______ (3 words) tissue.

epidermis

stratified squamous epithelial

The deeper region tissue is the

_____, composed of connective tissue.

dermis

The most numerous cell of the epidermis is the________

keratinocytes

The two primary layers of the dermis are the _______ dermis composed of areolar connective tissue, and the ______ dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

papillary

reticular

Four protective functions of the skin are:

- insulates and cushions the underlying tissue

- protects the body from abrasion

- protects the body from harmful chemicals

- prevents water loss from internal reserves

stratum lucidum

layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing dead keratinocytes

stratum corneum and stratum lucidum

two layers containing dead cells

papillary dermis

dermal layer responsible for fingerprints

stratum basale

epidermal layer exhibiting the most rapid cell division

stratum corneum

layer including scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off

stratum granulosum

layer named for the numerous granules present

stratum basale

location of melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

stratum spinosum

area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear

reticular dermis

deep layer of the dermis

stratum granulosum

layer that secretes a glycolipid that prevents water loss from the skin

Glands that respond to rising androgen levels are the __________ glands.

sebaceous oil

__________ are epidermal cells that play a role in the immune response.

Dendritic or Langerhans

________ are located in the papillary layer

Tactile corpuscles

_______ corpuseles are located deep in the dermis.

Lamelar

What substance is manufactured in the skin and plays a role in calcium absorption elsewhere in the body?

Vitamin D

List the sensory receptors found in the dermis of the skin.

Free nerve endings (for pain, temperature), tactile corpuscles (for touch in hairless skin), lamellar corpuscles (for pressure)

arrector pili

tiny muscles, attached to hair follicles, that pull the hair upright during fright or cold

sweat gland - eccrine

sweat gland with a role in temperature control

hair follicle

sheath formed of both epithelial and connective tissues

sweat gland-apocrine

less numerous type of sweat-producing gland; found mainly in the pubic and axillary regions

hair and nails

primarily dead/keratinized cells

cutaneous receptors

specialized nerve endings that respond to temperature, touch, etc.

sebaceous gland

secretes a lubricant for hair and skin

Describe two integumentary system mechanisms that help regulate body temperature.

I) When capillary blood flow to the

skin is enhanced (by nervous system controls), heat radiates from the skin surface; restriction of blood flow conserves body heat.

(2) Activity of sweat glands (i.e., when perspiration evaporates from the skin surface, heat is lost).

With what substance in the bond paper does the iodine painted on the skin react?

The starch

Based on class data, which skin area-the forearm or palm of hand-has more sweat glands?

the palm

What organ system controls the activity of the eccrine sweat glands?

Nervous system (sympathetic division)

Why can fingerprints be used to identify individuals?

Everyone's fingerprints are genetically distinct.

name the three common fingerprint patterns.

1. Arch

2. Loop

3. Whorl

Henna tattoos are temporary tattoos that last about 2 weeks. Hypothesize why henna tattoos do not last as long as permanent

tattoos.

Henna tattoos utilize a superficial application and only stain or color the cells of the epidermis. The color fades and

disappears as these cells are pushed to the surface of the skin and replaced. This is not the case with permanent tattoos as the ink is injected into the dermal layer of the skin, using a needle. where it is retained for much longer time

Vitiligo is a disorder in which the pigmentation of the skin is uneven, resulting in white patches. Recent research suggests that vitiligo might be an autoimmune disorder. Which cells would you expect to be most affected, and why?

The pigment cells of the skin (melanocytes) are the cells most likely being affected.

Keratinase is an enzyme produced by dermatophytes. Which organs in the body would these pathogenic fungi tend to proliferate in, and why?

Dermatophytes cause infections of the skin, hair, and nails, obtaining nutrients from keratinized material. They would be most active in the outer cornified layers of dead skin cells, where they are less likely to be identified and destroyed by active dendritic cells.

epithelial tissue

Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands.

connective tissue

supports, protects, binds, stores

muscle tissue

contracts to create movement

nervous tissue

transmits electrical signals

squamous cells are...

flat, thin cells

good for diffusion

cuboidal cells are...

cube-shaped cells

good for secretion and absorbtion

columnar cells are...

tall rectangular cells

good for secretion and absorption

simple is...

one layer of cells

stratified is...

multiple layers of cells

pseudostratified is...

appears layered but is actually one layer

transitional....

specialized tissue that stretches

simple squamous locations:

lung alveoli, capillaries, serous membrane

simple squamous function

rapid diffusion and filtration

stratified squamous locations:

epidermis

mouth

esophagus

vagina

stratified squamous functions

protection from abrasions

simple cuboidal locations:

kidney tubules

small glands

ovary surface

simple cuboidal functions

secretion and absorbtion

simple columnar locations:

digestive tract

uterus

simple columnar functions

absorption and secretion

pseudostratified columnar locations:

trachea

sperm ducts

pseudostratified columnar functions:

secretes and moves mucus

transitional locations:

urinary bladder

ureters

urethra

transitional functions:

allows stretching

matrix =

ground substance + protein fibers

ground substance

gel-like material surrounding cells and fibers

ground substance functions

supports cells

holds water

allows diffusion

protein fiber: collagen fibers

strongest fibers

resist stretching