Microbiology

Signal transduction

________:: how cells respond to substances in their environment with signaling molecules on the surface and inside the cell.

Commensalism

________:: one organism benefits while the other does not benefit nor is harmed (ex.

Binary fission

________:: rapid asexual production; bacterial chromosome replicates, cell divides, daughter cell is a clone.

Phages

________:: prokaryotic viruses, eat bacteria lawns, specific to bacteria.

Endosymbiotic theory

________- this evolved when cells engulfed photosynthetic /aerobic bacteria.

Transduction

________:: bacteria acquire new DNA from a phage infection (virus)

Parasitism

________:: some bacteria live in host organisms and obtain food from /at the expense of the host.

Conjugation

________:: sex pili form a tunnel between bacteria, copies of chromosomes move from one bacteria to another.

Transformation

________:: bacteria take in plasmids from the environment, sometimes incorporated into the bacterial chromosome, recombinant DNA is formed.

Horizontal transfer

________:: the exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells.

Transposons

________:: mobile sections of DNA that replicate themselves, splice themselves out, and insert themselves in another locations; turns genes on and off → genetic diversity.

Reporter genes

________:: used to visualize that the foreign DNA is incorporated and being expressed in the transformed organism (ex.

Plasmid vectors

________:: plasmids used as tools to clone, transfer, and manipulate genes.

DNA viruses

________:: replicate with host cells machinery, less mutation because more accurate replication.

Selection genes

________:: inserted genes that allow for the isolation of the transformed organisms (ex.

flagella

bacteria use to propel themselves

pili

allow prokaryotes to stick to substrates or exchange DNA

antibiotics

many target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls

gram stain

used to classify bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative groups based on cell wall composition

bacterial photosynthesis

bacteria have modified cell membranes that allow them to perform photosynthesis or respiration, unlike plants who use membrane bound organelles such as the chloroplast

bacterial genetic material

chromosomes are a singular circular piece of DNA, extra DNA is stored in plasmids, small ribosomes

binary fission

rapid asexual production; bacterial chromosome replicates, cell divides, daughter cell is a clone

conjugation

sex pili form a tunnel between bacteria, copies of chromosomes move from one bacteria to another

transduction

bacteria acquire new DNA from a phage infection (virus)

transposons

mobile sections of DNA that replicate themselves, splice themselves out, and insert themselves in another locations; turns genes on and off → genetic diversity

transformation

bacteria take in plasmids from the environment, sometimes incorporated into the bacterial chromosome, recombinant DNA is formed

plasmid vectors

plasmids used as tools to clone, transfer, and manipulate genes

reporter genes

used to visualize that the foreign DNA is incorporated and being expressed in the transformed organism (ex

selection genes

inserted genes that allow for the isolation of the transformed organisms (ex

microbiome

in humans, affects genes, immunity, health, etc

parasitism

some bacteria live in host organisms and obtain food from/at the expense of the host

commensalism

one organism benefits while the other does not benefit nor is harmed (ex

mutualism

both organisms, bacteria and host, benefit from the relationship

signal transduction

how cells respond to substances in their environment with signaling molecules on the surface and inside the cell

capsid

protein shell, encapsulates viral genome

viral enveloped

surroup capsid, derived from host membrane, combo of viral and hos molecules

glycoproteins

on surface of virus, host specific, help virus enter host cell

DNA viruses

replicate with host cells machinery, less mutation because more accurate replication

RNA viruses

replicate with RNA polymerase, less proofraeding, more mutations, rapid evolution so they are difficult to control with vaccines

phages

prokaryotic viruses, eat bacteria lawns, specific to bacteria

viral fossils

virus infections integrate DNA into our genomes; some end up doing nothing, the integrated viral DNA becomes a part of our own