Language Characteristics and Advanced Grammar Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering language characteristics, Jakobson's functions, and advanced grammatical structures based on the lecture transcript.

Language as a Mental Process

An instrument of thinking where the human brain functions similarly but works differently among individuals.

Linguistic

A focus on language as a set of signs or symbols grounded on pure arbitrary functions, particularly the parts of speech.

Culture-shaped

Language as a means of communication specific to a particular culture or community, such as LGBT language or Korean terms.

Edward Sapir

The scholar associated with the idea that culture affects language and language affects the human.

Species-specific

The characteristic that only human beings are capable of acquiring language, which functions in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

Primary vs. Secondary Language

Speech is considered primary and is spoken first, while writing is considered secondary.

Arbitrary

The nature of language where there is no plausible explanation or inherent relation as to how meanings are assigned to sounds or symbols; it is a matter of convention.

Conventional and Non-instinctive

Language is a product of a cooperative mind that adapts over time, and no person is born with the spontaneity to speak any language.

Productivity and Creativity

The ability of structural features in human language to be fixed to create new expressions and allow users to link words based on imagination.

Duality

The human language trait consisting of two subsystems: the sound system and the meaning systems.

Displacement

The characteristic of language being context-free, allowing humans to narrate events or situations without actually living them at the moment.

Humanness

The concept that language is innate to human beings.

Referential Function

The Jakobson's Model function associated with context, content, and denotative/cognitive functions, often involving deictic words.

Emotive Function

The Jakobson's Model function that focuses specifically on the speaker.

Conative Function

The Jakobson's Model function oriented towards the receiver, used to persuade, influence, or issue commands and requests.

Phatic Function

The Jakobson's Model function focused on contact and the communication channel to keep communication open.

Metalingual Function

The use of language to describe itself or talk about its own features (self-referential).

Poetic Function

The Jakobson's Model function focused on the message and its aesthetic presentation.

Noun Phrase

A phrase that must contain a noun, and may include a determiner, adjective phrase, or be followed by a prepositional phrase.

Vocative

A noun function where the person is being directly addressed by the speaker (e.g., "Can we go now, JAKE?").

Direct Object (DO)

The noun that directly receives the action of the verb and answers the questions "who" or "what".

Indirect Object (IO)

The noun that indirectly receives the action of the verb and answers "to whom" or "for whom".

Predicate Nominative

Also known as Subject Noun Predicate (SNP), it is a noun connected to the subject of the sentence by a linking verb.

Object Predicate

Also known as Object Noun Predicate (ONP), it is a noun that qualifies, describes, or renames the object appearing before it.

Object of the Preposition (OP)

A noun that follows a preposition in a sentence.

Appositive (A)

A noun that renames another noun situated right beside it (e.g., "Froilan, my FRIEND, goes there.").

Intensive Verb

Also known as a Linking Verb or Copula Verb, it is followed by a subject complement like a noun or adjective.

Specifying Copula Verb

A verb followed by a noun or clause identifying the subject, characterized by the reciprocal property where $\text{A=B and B=A}$.

Ascriptive Copula Verb

A verb followed by an adjective or indefinite noun describing a quality of the subject, where $\text{A=B but B} \neq \text{A}$.

Extensive Verb

Action verbs that show what the subject is doing.

Intransitive Verb

An extensive verb that does not need an object or complement, though it may need an adverbial.

Transitive Verb

A verb that requires a direct object to complete its meaning.

Ditransitive Verb

A verb that needs two objects: an indirect object and a direct object.

Phrasal Verb

A verb combined with a preposition or adverb (or both) that results in a meaning different from the individual words.

Intransitive Phrasal Verb

A phrasal verb that cannot have a direct object after it (e.g., "sitting down").

Separable Transitive Phrasal Verb

A phrasal verb where other words can be inserted between the verb and the preposition/adverb (e.g., "burned the house down").

Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verb

A phrasal verb that does not allow a direct object to be inserted into the middle (e.g., "looking for her keys").