Organelles

what are all cells bound by

plasma membrane

what is the phospholipid bilayer permeable to

small, non-polar and hydrophobic (cholesterol - animal and sterol - plant)

what is the nucleolus responsible for

rRNA synthesis

eukaryote ribosome size

60S + 40S = 80S

prokaryote ribosome size

50 S + 30S = 70S

what does the rough ER do

protein synthesis and modification (glycosylation)

what does the smooth ER do

lipid and steroid synthesis, toxin and drug breakdown

what does the golgi do

modify and package protein

lysosome synthesis

enter = cis, exit = trans

rank size of microfilament, intermediate filament and microtubule from smallest to biggest

microfilament, intermediate filament, microtubule

what is lysosome responsible for

autophagy, apoptosis

lysosome is very ____ and has ____ pH

very acidic and low pH comes from the golgi

where are peroxisomes mainly found

liver and kidney

what does peroxisome do

breakdown fatty acid and amino acids also generate hydrogen peroxide

what is the structure of the cillia and flagella of microtubules

9 + 2

what is the structure of the basal body in microtubules

9 × 3 (no central pair)

what is mcirovilli and microfilament made of

actin

what is the structure of mitochondria

circular DNA and is double-membraned

• outer = smooth

• inner - highly folded (cristae)

what is mitochondria the site of

beta-oxidation (fatty acid catabolism - breakdown)

what does the choloroplast do

photosynthesis

where is the chloroplast believed to be originated from

cyanobacteria

what does cholorplast absorb and reflect

absorb red and blue, reflect green

what is the endosymbiotic theory

chloroplast and mitochondria were prokaryotic before but were absorbed by a larger cell to protect and uses mitochondria as energy

what is evidence of endosymbiotic theory

circular DNA and binary fission (both similar to bacteria)

what are structures that plants have that animal cells do not have

• cell wall

• plastid (chloroplast)

• vacuole storage

what is a peripheral protein

loosely attached and hydrophilic

what kind of bonding do peripheral proteins have

electrostatic and H-bonds

how do you remove a peripheral protein

change salt or pH concentration

what is a integral protein

an embedded protein that is hydrophobic

what is a transmembrane protein

a special type of integral protein that is embedded all the way

how do you remove an integral protein

use detergent

what is a glycoprotein

has a carbohydrate group for cell-cell recognition and recognizes pathogen

what type of filament is found in desmosome

intermediate filament and keratin

what type of filament is found in adherins juction

actin filament

what is active transport

against the concentration gradient

what is primary active transport

use ATP

what is secondary active transport

uses two coupled ions which both try to move down the gradient and help each other

what are the types of endocytosis

• phagocytosis

• pinocytosis

• receptor-mediated endocytosis

what is phagocytosis

psueodopod reaches and surrounds

what is pinocytosis

“drinks” and pinches

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis

clathrin binds solutes and forms lattice which moves inwards

what is the difference between diffusion and osmosis

in diffusion the solute moves and in osmosis the solvent moves

what does it mean if a solution is hypotonic

solution has lower concentration of solutes than cell and will lysis

what do you call a plant that is hypotonic

turgid ( standard state)

what is a hypertonic solution

solution has higher solute concentration than cell and will shrivel (plant - flaccid)

what is bacteria cell wall made of

peptidoglycan

what are some characteristics of gram-negative bacteria

thin, lipopolysaccharide, two membrane and releases endotoxins when broken down which stains a pink colour

what are some characteristics of gram-positive bacteria cell wall

thick cell wall which stains purple

what is the composition of fungi cell wall

chitin

what is the composition of plant cell wall

cellulose

what is glycocalyx

a carbohydrate coat found in some prokaryotes and animals which is a slime layer used for cell-cell recognition and is a physical barrier to pathogens

what is the most abundant protein

collagen which 3rd amino acid is glycine and is a triple helix

what are the motor proteins of microtubules

• kinesin (center to periphery)

• dynein ( periphery to center)