Module 37 and 38 Review: Antisocial and Prosocial Relations

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms and concepts from Modules 37 and 38 regarding antisocial and prosocial relations, including prejudice, aggression, attraction, altruism, and peace-making strategies.

Prejudice

A concept involving negative feelings toward a group, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as stereotypes.

Stereotype

An overly generalized belief about a specific group of people.

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Just-world phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Ingroup

A group of people with whom we share a common identity; the "us."

Outgroup

Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup; the "them."

Ingroup bias

The tendency to favor our own group.

Scapegoat theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Other-race effect

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races; it occurs when we assume other groups are more homogeneous than our own.

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy; biological factors such as genetic, neural, and biochemical (like testosterone) influences make us more prone to it.

Frustration-aggression principle

The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Social script

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Mere exposure effect

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them, as seen in infants preferring photos of the race they see most often by age $3\,months$.

Passionate love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship, often explained by the two-factor theory of emotion (physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal).

Companionate love

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, often supported by the hormone oxytocin.

Equity

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it; it is key to a gratifying and enduring relationship.

Self-disclosure

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others, such as dreams, worries, and shameful moments, which breeds liking.

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others, exemplified by people such as Dirk Willems and Carl Wilkens.

Bystander effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present due to a diffusion of responsibility.

Social exchange theory

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, also known as cost-benefit analysis or utilitarianism.

Reciprocity norm

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Social-responsibility norm

An expectation that people will help those needing their help—such as young children or the vulnerable—even if the costs outweigh the benefits.

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Social trap

A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Mirror-image perceptions

Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment by influencing the other party to react in ways that seem to justify the belief.

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation to achieve, effectively turning enemies into friends.

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy designed to decrease international tensions through small conciliatory acts.