Psych: Sleep-Wake Disorders AI

Sleep–wake disorders primarily involve disturbances in what domains?

Sleep quality, timing, amount, and behavioral or physiologic events during sleep.

Sleep disorders have what type of relationship with psychiatric disorders?

Bidirectional relationship (they worsen each other).

Which of the following is NOT a major category of sleep–wake disorders?

Mood disorders (not a sleep disorder category).

How many major categories of sleep–wake disorders are there?

Seven.

Insomnia disorder is defined as dissatisfaction with what?

Sleep quantity or quality.

What is the minimum frequency for insomnia diagnosis?

At least 3 nights per week.

What is the minimum duration for insomnia disorder?

At least 3 months.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of insomnia?

Excessive daytime sleep episodes (seen in hypersomnolence).

What is the hallmark daytime symptom of insomnia?

Fatigue and poor concentration.

What physiologic state is commonly seen in insomnia patients?

Hyperarousal state.

Which medication class commonly causes insomnia?

Stimulants (e.g., amphetamines).

Which substance may cause rebound insomnia?

Alcohol or sedatives.

What is the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I).

Which insomnia subtype involves conditioned arousal in bed?

Psychophysiologic insomnia.

Which insomnia subtype begins in childhood with no clear cause?

Idiopathic insomnia.

Which insomnia subtype is also called sleep state misperception?

Paradoxical insomnia.

Which insomnia subtype is caused by poor habits like screen use?

Inadequate sleep hygiene.

Hypersomnolence disorder is characterized by what main feature?

Excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep.

What is the required duration for hypersomnolence disorder?

≥3 times per week for ≥3 months.

Which of the following is a key symptom of hypersomnolence?

Difficulty awakening.

What is a common cognitive effect of hypersomnolence?

Cognitive slowing.

Kleine–Levin syndrome is characterized by recurrent episodes of what?

Hypersomnia, hyperphagia, and hypersexuality.

Which population is most commonly affected by Kleine–Levin syndrome?

Adolescent males.

How long do episodes typically last in Kleine–Levin syndrome?

Days to weeks.

Narcolepsy is best described as what?

Irresistible episodes of sleep or sudden sleep attacks.

What is cataplexy?

Sudden loss of muscle tone with preserved consciousness.

What commonly triggers cataplexy?

Strong emotions (especially laughter).

What neurotransmitter deficiency is seen in narcolepsy?

Hypocretin (orexin).

Which test shows sleep-onset REM periods?

Polysomnography.

What is the key MSLT finding in narcolepsy?

Rapid sleep onset with ≥2 SOREMPs.

Which symptom occurs at sleep onset hallucinations?

Hypnagogic hallucinations.

Which medication is first-line for daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy?

Modafinil.

Sleep apnea is defined as what?

Cessation of breathing during sleep.

What is hypopnea?

Reduction in breathing.

What is the gold standard for diagnosing sleep apnea?

Polysomnography.

What causes obstructive sleep apnea?

Upper airway obstruction.

What distinguishes central sleep apnea?

Absence of respiratory effort.

What breathing pattern is seen in Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

Crescendo–decrescendo breathing pattern.

What is the primary treatment for sleep apnea?

Positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Circadian rhythm disorders result from what?

Misalignment between internal clock and external schedule.

Which disorder is seen in “night owls”?

Delayed sleep phase type.

Which disorder is seen in “early birds”?

Advanced sleep phase type.

Which disorder has fragmented sleep across the day?

Irregular sleep-wake rhythm.

Which disorder shows a free-running sleep cycle?

Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder.

Which disorder is caused by work schedule conflict?

Shift work type.

What is the main treatment for circadian disorders?

Light therapy and melatonin.

Parasomnias are characterized by what?

Abnormal behaviors during sleep.

Which parasomnia occurs during NREM sleep with walking?

Sleepwalking (somnambulism).

What is the best management for a sleepwalker?

Gently guide back to bed (do not awaken abruptly).

Sleep terrors are characterized by what?

Sudden arousal with intense fear and confusion.

Which parasomnia involves frightening REM dreams with recall?

Nightmare disorder.

What distinguishes nightmares from sleep terrors?

Nightmares are recalled; sleep terrors are not.

What is REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

Loss of REM atonia with dream enactment.

Which parasomnia involves inability to move upon awakening?

Sleep paralysis.

Restless legs syndrome is characterized by what sensation?

Urge to move legs with “creepy-crawly” sensations.

What relieves restless legs syndrome?

Movement.

When are symptoms of restless legs worse?

At night.

Periodic limb movement disorder occurs during which sleep phase?

NREM sleep.

Bruxism refers to what behavior?

Teeth grinding during sleep.

What does MSLT measure?

Daytime sleepiness.

What MSLT finding is abnormal?

Sleep latency ≤8 minutes.

What does actigraphy measure?

Sleep–wake cycles.

What is the purpose of MWT?

Measures ability to stay awake.