phylogenetics continued

why are humans and apes similar?

• phenotypically similar → genotypical similar

• some believe we have a common ancestor

where is a paternity test testing in DNA?

noncoding section

what is the degeneracy of the genetic code?

• multiple codons will encode the same amino acid

• have coding and noncoding regions

• within coding regions you have coding and noncoding codons

• 1st and 2nd are coding

• 3rd is noncoding

differences in our DNA are where?

differences in noncoding region, other DNA is 99.9% similar

silent mutations/ synonymous mutations

• same amino acid back and forth

• mutation that doesn’t really have any effect

• nothing changes phenotypically

• changes over time

missense mutation

• change in function of amino acid

• if you change something that’s working, then won’t work

• usually not a big deal bc chain is so long

• some are beneficial

• most are harmful

what are examples of missense mutations?

progeria and lactose tolerance

are there differences between persisting and occurring?

YES

nonsense mutation

• deletion of protein

• changing function amino acid into a stop codon

• server disease

• usually doesn’t persist

when comparing 4 difference types of giraffes what would you expect to see?

• huge number of silent mutations

• small number of missense

• closely related species with similar coding

saturation

• further back in time the more likely you’ll see saturation from 3rd codon position

• this is where silent mutations persister (3rd positions)

• the pattern of mutation in history is erased

where are the majority of differences located?

the 3rd codon

the sun tribe would have a lot of what time of mutations within their population?

silent mutations

if you want to want to track family ancestry

look at 3rd position

if you want to know diff between rhino and giraffee

look at 1st and 2nd position

1st and 2nd codon are?

coding

3rd codon is?

noncoding

what is something that both creationists and evolutionists both observe but have varying theories about?

that the 1st and 2nd codons are essential

noncoding

• experimental

• more scientific

coding

• comparative

• more philosophical

what are the most specific and general classifications

• species = most specific

• domain = most general