Digestive System

* Ingestion

taking food into the body through the mouth

* Mastication

chewing

* Deglutition

swallowing

* Peristalsis

wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract

* Absorption

movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

* Defecation

removal of waste from the body

* Gastrointestinal tract

muscular tube from mouth to anus

* Mucosa

inner lining of GI tract

* Submucosa

layer containing blood vessels

* Muscularis

smooth muscle layer that performs peristalsis

* Serosa

outer connective tissue layer of GI tract

* Bolus

soft mass of chewed food

* Lingual frenulum

tissue anchoring the tongue

* Parotid glands

salivary glands near the ears

* Submandibular glands

salivary glands on floor of mouth

* Sublingual glands

salivary glands under the tongue

* Bicarbonate

substance that buffers acids

* Lysozymes

antibacterial enzymes in saliva

* Mucin

slippery substance that lubricates food

* Amylase

enzyme that breaks down starches

* Crown

visible part of tooth

* Neck

area connecting crown and root

* Root

part of tooth anchored in jaw

* Enamel

hardest outer layer of tooth

* Dentin

bone-like layer under enamel

* Pulp cavity

inner area with nerves and blood vessels

* Incisors

cutting teeth

* Cuspids/Canines

tearing teeth

* Bicuspids/Premolars

grinding teeth

* Molars

large grinding teeth

* Epiglottis

flap covering trachea during swallowing

* Cardiac sphincter

muscle preventing reflux into esophagus

* Cardia

upper stomach region connected to esophagus

* Fundus

dome-shaped stomach region storing gas/food

* Gastric body

stomach region mixing food with gastric juice

* Pyloris

lower stomach region connected to small intestine

* Rugae

folds allowing stomach expansion

* Chyme

liquefied food mixture in stomach

* Hydrochloric acid

strong stomach acid

* Parietal cells

stomach cells producing acid

* Pepsin

protein-digesting enzyme

* Chief cells

stomach cells producing pepsin

* Goblet cells

mucus-producing cells

* Pyloric sphincter

muscle controlling chyme release

* Duodenum

first part of small intestine

* Pancreatic juice

digestive fluid from pancreas

* Bile

substance that emulsifies fats

* Jejunum

middle small intestine where macronutrients absorb

* Ileum

last small intestine section where micronutrients absorb

* Villi

finger-like projections increasing absorption

* Ileocecal valve

valve controlling movement into large intestine

* Taenia coli

smooth muscle band on colon

* Haustra

pouches in the large intestine

* Cecum

first pouch of large intestine

* Colon

main part of large intestine

* Rectum

storage area for feces

* Feces

solid digestive waste

* Hepatic portal system

blood vessel system carrying nutrients to liver

* Hepatocytes

liver cells that filter blood

* GERD

acid reflux disease

* Gastroenteritis

inflammation of GI tract from infection

* Peptic ulcer

sore caused by stomach acid

* Celiac disease

autoimmune disease damaging villi from gluten

* Crohn’s disease

autoimmune inflammation of intestines