Semester 2 Exam- Honors Chemistery 2026

What is one mole?

6.02×10²³ particles

How manny sig figs in avagadro’s number?

Infinite

What is the conversion of moles to atomic mass?

Grams in one mole are the same as amu in one particle

How do you find the molar mass of a compound

Add up all the molar masses

How do you convert from grams to moles?

Nummber of moles * molar mass/one mole

How do you convert from moles to particles

Number of moles * avagadro’s number/one mole

Whats a hydrate?

Ionic salt with H2O yields anhydrous salt and water

How do you find molar mass of a hydrate

The mass of the salt and the water

What is a solution

A mixture that can be separated by physical changes

What is a solute in a solution

The substance that is dissolved

What is the solvent

Substance that is dissolved into

What is an alloy

Solid/solid solution

What is vinegar or ethanol

Liquid/liquid solution

What is air an example of

Gas/gas solution

What is river water an example of

Carbonated beverages

What is salt water an example of

Solid/liquid solution

What does soluble refer to?

A substance that can dissolve into a solvent

What does miscible refer to?

Two liquids that are soluble to one another

What is the nature of dissolving for polar substances

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes

What is the nature of dissolving for non-polar substances?

Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes

What does it mean for a solution to be diluted?

To have a weak concentration of solution

What does it mean for a solution to be concentrated?

To have a strong concentration of solution

How can concentration be measured?

Percent by mass, percent by volume, molarity, molality, mole fraction

What is molarity

The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution

What is molality

The number of moles of solute in one kilogram of solvent

What is the equation for mole fraction

Mol solute/(mol solute + mol solvent)

What is the percent by mass equation

Grams solute/ (grams solute + grams solvent)

What is the percent by volume equation

mL solute/(mL solute + mL solvent)

What is the equation to dilute a solution

M1*V1=M2*V2

What are colligative properties?

Properties based on concentration

What are examples of colligative properties

Boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure

Who do ionic substances dissolve

They dissociate into separate ions

How do covalent substances dissolve

They dissolve as whole particles

What is van’t Hoff factor

i, the amount of particles produced when a substance is dissolved, used in calculation

How do you calculate change in freezing point?

∆Tf = iKfm

How do you calculate change in boiling point?

∆Tb = iKbm

What do the variables stand for in the change in freezing/boiling point equation?

∆Tf and ∆Tb are change in freezing/boiling point, i is van’t Hoff factor, Kf and Kb are freezing/boiling point depression constant (given), and m is molality (moles solute/kg solvent)

What is stoichiomerty?

Using quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction

What is stoichiometry used for?

Predicting amounts of products in order to find accuracy in the lab

What are gases?

State of matter with indefinite shape and volume

What determines chemical properties of matter

Composition

What is an ideal ga made of?

Separated particles in constant, random motion causing collisions with temperature

What is the equation for pressure in Pa

Force (N)/area (m²)

How do you convert ºC to K

ºC+273

What unit should volume almost always be in?

Liters

What is n in the ideal gas laws?

Number of moles

What is Boyle’s Law?

If temperature and number of moles remain constant, then pressure and volume are held in a fixed ratio, so P1V1=P2V2

How does the graph of Boyle’s law look?

Exponential decrease

What is Gay-Lussac’s Law

If volume and number of moles are constant, then pressure and temperature are directly proportional P1/T1=P2/T2

How does the graph for Gay-Lussac’s law look?