Biochemistry part 1

Part 1

Lactose

A disaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose and alpha galactose molecules.

Protein Structure and R groups

20 different R groups found IN living organisms; depending on nature of side chain they may be polar, np, or charged; they can be essential (you eat them) or nonessential (your body has them)

Sterols/steriods

contain four fused hydrocarbon rings and several functional groups, chemical messengers in body.

Starch

Main storage molecule in plants, insoluble in water, contains amylose and amylopectin which organisms can break down using amylase enzyme into individual glucose molecules used in cellular resp and energy.

Nucleic Acids

informational macromolecules, store info that determines phenotypes, only molecule that can copy itself.

Secondary protein structure

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds; coils and folds; alpha helix and beta plated sheets; eg.

Cellulose

Resistant to starch- breaking enzymes due to irregular orientation, rich source of energy for organisms that can digest it.

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down.

DeoxyRibose, Ribose

in DNA, the sugar is ______; in RNA, the sugar is ______.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Triglycerides

made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules.

Glycogen

energy storage polysaccharide in animals, used to store excess glucose.

Sucrose

A disaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose and alpha fructose molecules using alpha 1- 2 glycosidic linkage.

Maltose

A disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules using alpha 1- 4 glycosidic linkage.

Polypeptides

Amino acid polymers held together by peptide bonds through a condensation reaction /protein synthesis; the sequence of amino acids determines its 3D shape (and function)

Fats

Most common energy- storing molecule, stores twice chemical energy of carbs and proteins, animals store ________ as droplets in cells of adipose tissue.

RNA

RiboNucleic Acid strands are "one half "of a DNA strand.

Tertiary protein structure

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions, may use chaperone to aid; stabalized by R- group interactions; eg.

Stereoisomers

molecules that have the same structural formulas and bonding patterns but different orientation of a certain group.

Monosaccharaides

simple sugars consisting of one sugar unit, straight carbon chain with a carbonyl group attached or ring with a hydroxyl group attached, polar bc of Oxygen.

Lipids

long term energy storage, different ratio than carbs (more C-H, less O-H), soluble in non- polar substances, used for building membranes and other cell parts, travel through blood to tell blood cells what to do.

Hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water.

Condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules combine to form one larger product.

Disaccharides

Two simple sugars bonded together by a glycosidic linkage formed through a condensation reaction.

Denaturation

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation.

Sugar phosphate backbone

phosphodiester linkage between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide in a repeating order.

Waxes

contain long chain fatty acids, hydrophobic with firm pliable consistency, ideal for waterproof coating (waxy cuticle)

Fats formation

glycerol and 3 fatty acids go through condensation to form ester linkages into E- shaped triglyceride.

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules

Carbohydrate Functions

Used by organisms as the main source of energy, key building block (chitin and cellulose), and tells your immune system not to attack itself

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

Cellulose

Resistant to starch-breaking enzymes due to irregular orientation, rich source of energy for organisms that can digest it

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

Condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules combine to form one larger product

Denaturation

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation

Disaccharides examples

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Disaccharides

Two simple sugars bonded together by a glycosidic linkage formed through a condensation reaction

DNA

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid strands run antiparallel to each other

Families of lipids

Fats, phospholipids, sterols, waxes

Fats

Most common energy-storing molecule, stores twice chemical energy of carbs and proteins, animals store fat as droplets in cells of adipose tissue

Glycogen

energy storage polysaccharide in animals, used to store excess glucose

Hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

Lactose

A disaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose and alpha galactose molecules

Lipids

long term energy storage, different ratio than carbs (more C-H, less O-H), soluble in non-polar substances, used for building membranes and other cell parts, travel through blood to tell blood cells what to do

Maltose

A disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules using alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Monosaccharaides

simple sugars consisting of one sugar unit, straight carbon chain with a carbonyl group attached or ring with a hydroxyl group attached, polar bc of Oxygen

Monosaccharide examples

glucose, fructose, galactose

Monosaccharides turn yellow in..

Benedict's solution

Nucleic Acids

informational macromolecules, store info that determines phenotypes, only molecule that can copy itself

Nucleotide subunits

Phosphate group, sugar(DR and R), and a Nitrogenous base (AT/U and GC)

Olive oil shows up transparent on…

paper towel

Phosphate group

PO4

Phospholipids

lipid molecule composing cell membranes, 2 fatty acids 1 phosphate 1 glycerol, hydrophillic head (polar), hydrophobic legs (non-polar), when added to water a ring called a micelle forms with heads to water tails inside

Polypeptides

amino acid polymers held together by peptide bonds through a condensation reaction/protein synthesis; the sequence of amino acids determines its 3D shape (and function)

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates, long chains of monosaccharides, lower solubility in water due to extreme length (cannot go between water molecules)

Primary protein structure

sequence of amino acids; determined by genes in DNA; change in one amino acid could alter final shape of protein (and function) eg

Protein structure and R groups

20 different R groups found IN living organisms; depending on nature of side chain they may be polar, np, or charged; they can be essential (you eat them) or nonessential (your body has them)

Proteins turn bright purple in…

buiret

Proteins

Most diverse and important molecules; structural building blocks-> keratin; functional molecules-> hemoglobin; cells contain thousands of different proteins performing specific task (3D structure relates to task)

Quaternary protein structure

protein consisting of more than one polypeptide chain that join to form functional protein; eg

RNA

RiboNucleic Acid strands are "one half" of a DNA strand

Secondary protein structure

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds; coils and folds; alpha helix and beta plated sheets; eg

Starch

Main storage molecule in plants, insoluble in water, contains amylose and amylopectin which organisms can break down using amylase enzyme into individual glucose molecules used in cellular resp and energy

Stereoisomers

molecules that have the same structural formulas and bonding patterns but different orientation of a certain group

Sterols/steriods

contain four fused hydrocarbon rings and several functional groups, chemical messengers in body

Structural Isomers

Same molecular formula, different structural formula

Sucrose

A disaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose and alpha fructose molecules using alpha 1-2 glycosidic linkage

Sugar-phosphate backbone

phosphodiester linkage between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide in a repeating order

Sulfhydryl group

-SH

Tertiary protein structure

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions, may use chaperone to aid; stabalized by R-group interactions; eg

Triglycerides

made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

Waxes

contain long chain fatty acids, hydrophobic with firm pliable consistency, ideal for waterproof coating (waxy cuticle)