Biochemistry part 1

Anabolic::A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules

Carbohydrate Functions::Used by organisms as the main source of energy, key building block (chitin and cellulose), and tells your immune system not to attack itself

Carbohydrate ratio::1:2:1, or (CH2O)n where n= # C

Catabolic::A process in which large molecules are broken down

Cellulose::Resistant to starch-breaking enzymes due to irregular orientation, rich source of energy for organisms that can digest it. straight chain polymer of beta glucose held together through beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Chitin::A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. Similair to cellulose but contains Nitrogen group at C2 of glucose

condensation reaction::a chemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules combine to form one larger product

Denaturation::In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation. Denatured proteins lose function; may return if denaturing agent is removed; protein will be destroyed if primary is altered (order)

Disaccharides examples::sucrose, lactose, maltose

Disaccharides::Two simple sugars bonded together by a glycosidic linkage formed through a condensation reaction

DNA::DeoxyriboNucleic Acid strands run antiparallel to each other. contains Adenine Thymine and Guanine Cytosine H-bonding. It is the instructions for creating an organism. Double Helix

factors affecting protein shape/folding::-change in order of amino acids in 1 chain -temperature: warmer, more space b/w molecules -pH: adding acid is more H+ ions which disturb IMF's -Ionic concentration: ions can disrupt IMF's

Families of Lipids::Fats, phospholipids, sterols, waxes

Fats formation::glycerol and 3 fatty acids go through condensation to form ester linkages into E-shaped triglyceride

Fats::Most common energy-storing molecule, stores twice chemical energy of carbs and proteins, animals store fat as droplets in cells of adipose tissue

Glycogen::energy storage polysaccharide in animals, used to store excess glucose. small amounts are

stored in liver and muscle and used for energy during bouts of physical exercise

hydrolysis reaction::A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

in DNA, the sugar is ______; in RNA, the sugar is ______.::DeoxyRibose, Ribose; DR is missing an Oxygen

Lactose::A disaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose and alpha galactose molecules

Lipids::long term energy storage, different ratio than carbs (more C-H, less O-H), soluble in non-polar substances, used for building membranes and other cell parts, travel through blood to tell blood cells what to do

Maltose::A disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules using alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Monosaccharaides::simple sugars consisting of one sugar unit, straight carbon chain with a carbonyl group attached or ring with a hydroxyl group attached, polar bc of Oxygen

Monosaccharide examples::glucose, fructose, galactose

monosaccharides turn yellow in..::Benedict's solution

Nucleic Acids::informational macromolecules, store info that determines phenotypes, only molecule that can copy itself. allows organisms to reproduce

nucleotide subunits::Phosphate group, sugar(DR and R), and a Nitrogenous base (AT/U and GC)

olive oil shows up transparent on…::paper towel

phosphate group::PO4

Phospholipids::lipid molecule composing cell membranes, 2 fatty acids 1 phosphate 1 glycerol, hydrophillic head (polar), hydrophobic legs (non-polar), when added to water a ring called a micelle forms with heads to water tails inside

polypeptides::amino acid polymers held together by peptide bonds through a condensation reaction/protein synthesis; the sequence of amino acids determines its 3D shape (and function)

Polysaccharide examples::starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin polysaccharides turn black in…::iodine

Polysaccharides::Complex carbohydrates, long chains of monosaccharides, lower solubility in water due to extreme length (cannot go between water molecules)

primary protein structure::sequence of amino acids; determined by genes in DNA; change in one amino acid could alter final shape of protein (and function) eg. straight hair

Protein Structure and R groups::20 different R groups found IN living organisms; depending on nature of side chain they may be polar, np, or charged; they can be essential (you eat them) or nonessential (your body has them)

proteins turn bright purple in…::buiret

Proteins::Most diverse and important molecules; structural building blocks-> keratin; functional molecules-> hemoglobin; cells contain thousands of different proteins performing specific task (3D structure relates to task)

quaternary protein structure::protein consisting of more than one polypeptide chain that join to form functional protein; eg. hemoglobin

RNA::RiboNucleic Acid strands are "one half" of a DNA strand. contains Adenine Uracil and Guanine Cytosine H-bonding. It reads the info in DNA and transports it to the ribosomes in cells

secondary protein structure::occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds; coils and folds; alpha helix and beta plated sheets; eg. coily hair

Starch::Main storage molecule in plants, insoluble in water, contains amylose and amylopectin which organisms can break down using amylase enzyme into individual glucose molecules used in cellular resp and energy

Stereoisomers::molecules that have the same structural formulas and bonding patterns but different orientation of a certain group. Our body treats stereoisomers differently because of how reactions will carry out

Sterols (steriods)::contain four fused hydrocarbon rings and several functional groups, chemical messengers in body

Structural Isomers::Same molecular formula, different structural formula

Sucrose::A disaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose and alpha fructose molecules using alpha 1-2 glycosidic linkage

sugar-phosphate backbone::phosphodiester linkage between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide in a repeating order

sulfhydryl group::-SH

tertiary protein structure::3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions, may use chaperone to aid; stabalized by R-group interactions; eg. enzymes

Triglycerides::made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. Can be saturated (single-bonded) or unsaturated (double-bonded)

Waxes::contain long chain fatty acids, hydrophobic with firm pliable consistency, ideal for waterproof coating (waxy cuticle)

What are the four levels of protein structure?::primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary