Psych - Exam 2

DNA

assimilation and accommodation

the process of learning and taking in info

3 stages of birth

• labor

• delivery of baby

• delivery of placenta

APGAR score

• appearance of baby

• pulse (120-160)

• grimace (reflex/reaction)

• activity (muscle tone)

• respiration (breathing consistently)

age of viability

age at which the fetus can survive outside the mother’s uterus

• 22 weeks is the youngest rn

thalidomide

• drug given to prevent morning sickness

• showed that babies aren’t protected

threshold effect

some things you can eat in small quantities, but not an extreme amount

examples of teratogens

• too much alcohol

• smoking

• deli/processed meats

• raw foods

• high levels of caffeine

• hard drugs

• accutane

• aspirin

• hot, hot tubs

• rollercoasters

• MRI and x-ray

• litter boxes

• illnesses

puberty

the change of being a kid to being an adult in order to get ready to reproduce

facial feedback hypothesis

intrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

teratogens

factors from environment that are detrimental or contraindicated in pregnancy

parenting styles

• authoritarian

• permissive

• authoritarian

• neglectful

piaget 4 stages of cognitive development

• sensorimotor

• preoperational

• concrete operational

• formal operational

sensorimotor

• birth - 2 years

• uses senses and motor skills, items known by use

• object permanence learned (?)

pre-operational

• 2-6 years

• symbolic thinking, language used, egocentric thinking

• imagination/experience grow, child de-centers

• pretend play

concrete operational

• 7-11 years

• logic applied

• has objective/rational interpretations

• conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications

• concept of reversibility

formal operational

• 12 years - adulthood

• thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas (broader issues)

• ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored

kohlberg

moral development

kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development

• preconventional thought (level 1)

• conventional thought (level 2)

• postconventional thought (level 3)

pre-conventional

• stage 1 - avoiding punishment

• stage 2 - “getting what you want” by reciprocity

• based on rewards and punishment

conventional

• stage 3 - meeting the expectations of others

• stage 4 - fulfilling duties and upholding laws

• based on how others see you

post-conventional

• stage 5 - sensing the democracy and relatively of rules

• stage 6 - self-selecting universal principles

• self-defined ethical principles

alfred alder

• striving for superiority

• influence of birth order

genes

number of chromosomes

23 pairs, 46 total

XX

female

XY

male

3 trimesters of prenatal development

first, second, and third

3 domains of development

• physical

• cognitive

• psycho/social/emotional

stages of prenatal development

• zygote

• embryo

• fetus

sex-linked traits

dominant traits

recessive traits

homozygous

heterozygous

phenotype

genotype

zygote

• first stage of prenatal development

• conception → 2 weeks

embryo

• second stage of prenatal development

• 2 weeks → 8 weeks

• most fragile stage

fetus

• third stage of prenatal development

• 8 weeks → 40 weeks

freud’s psychosexual stages of development

• oral

• anal

• phallic

• latency

• genital

oral

• birth - 1 year

• sucking activities towards breast and bottle

• if needs are not met, could lead to thumb sucking, fingernail biting, and pencil chewing OR later life effects like overeating and smoking

anal

• 1 - 3 years

• toilet training

• if parents force training too early or make too many demands, anal control conflicts could appear in the way of extreme orderliness and cleanliness or extreme disorder and messiness

phallic

• 3 - 6 years

• child finds pleasure in genital stimulation

• young children feel a sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent

• to avoid conflict, they develop same-sex parent’s characteristics and values

• super ego is formed

• individual’s personality is formed

latency

• 6 - 11 years

• sexual instincts die down

• superego develops further

• new social values from people outside of the family and play from same-sex friends

genital

• adolescence

• puberty causes sexual impulses of the phallic stage to reappear

• leads to marriage, mature sexuality, and the birth and rearing of children

reaction range

temperament

attachment and bonding

maturation

socialization

gender role

gender identity

imaginary audience

thinking everyone is lookin at you

personal (invincibility) fable

thinking bad things won’t hurt them

• like drugs won’t do anything bad to them

piaget

cognitive development

schemas

concepts

object permanence

symbolic thought

egocentrism

freud

• 3 parts of the psyche: Id, Ego, Superego

• 5 psychosexual stages of development

• defense mechanisms and anxiety

• dream analysis and free association

fixation

oedipal complex

electra complex

erik erikson

8 psychological stages of development

identity crisis

nature vs. nurture

genes vs. environment

innate vs. learned

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• trust vs. mistrust (birth -18 months)

• autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-3 years)

• initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years)

• industry vs. inferiority (6-11 years)

• identity vs. role confusion (12-18 years)

• intimacy vs. isolation (19-40 years)

• generativity vs. stagnation (40-65 years)

• ego integrity vs. despair (65-death)

trust vs. mistrust

• feeding

• children develop a sense of trust when caregivers supply reliability, care, and affection

• lack of this leads to mistrust

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

• toilet training

• children need to develop personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence

• success = autonomy, failure = shame and doubt

initiative vs. guilt

• exploration

• children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment

• success = sense of purpose

• too much power = disapproval = guilt

industry vs. inferiority

• school

• new social and academic commands

• success = competence

• failure = inferiority

identity vs. role confusion

• social relationships

• teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity

• success = stay true to yourself

• failure = role confusion and a weak sense of self

intimacy vs. isolation

• relationships

• young adults need intimate, loving relationships

• success = strong relationships

• failure = loneliness and isolation

generativity vs. stagnation

• work and parenthood

• need to create or nurture things that outlive them

• success = feelings of usefulness and accomplishment

• failure = shallow involvement in the world

ego integrity vs. despair

• reflection on life

• need to look back on life and see fulfillment

• success = feelings of wisdom

type A personality

• self driven and highly competitive

• ambitious and goal oriented

• impatient and intolerant

• aggressive and hostile

• controlling and dominant

• high risk of heart disease

• entrepreneurial and workaholic

• sense of urgency

• fast-paced and too busy to enjoy life

• motivated by challenges

• easily stressed out

type B personality

• less competitive and focused on enjoying life

• easy-going, relaxed, and highly flexible

• energetic, outgoing, yet a laid back attitude

• imaginative and creative

• light-hearted and persuasive

• high levels of life satisfaction

• fun-loving, easy going, and people-oriented

• enthusiastic and spontaneous

• friendly and inspiring

• self-confident and reflective

• highly patient and less prone to stress

freud’s parts of psyche

• ID

• EGO

• SUPEREGO

ID

unconscious desires

EGO

mediates, decreases anxiety

SUPEREGO

ego ideal, conscience

defense mechanisms

repression

“motivated forgetting”

• pushing the memory into the unconscious

regression

moving backward to a previous developmental period which was safe and secure

sublimation

redirecting negative impulses onto a socially acceptable behavior or activity

denial

pretending that reality of some experience of feeling isn’t there

displacement

reassign feelings, especially of aggression or sexuality, onto a substitute or “scapegoat” that is safer

projection

taking unacceptable impulses and attributing them to someone else

rationalization

making excuses to defend or justify behavior or feeling

reaction formation

not acknowledging unwanted impulses by convincing yourself that you are not one of “them” who engages in those thoughts/feelings

intellectualization

turning an emotional issue into a thought issue via rationalization

Jung

• parts of psyche

• archetypes

• collective and personal unconscious

• synchronicity

personal and collective unconscious

archetypes

skinner