Fundamentals of Thinking and Reasoning

These flashcards cover key concepts related to thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and cognitive processes.

Cognitive Abilities

Mental capabilities such as thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving that distinguish humans from other species.

Perceptual Thinking

The simplest form of thinking that relies on perception and interpretation of sensations based on experience.

Conceptual Thinking

A type of thinking that uses concepts and generalized objects for understanding and problem-solving.

Reflective Thinking

A cognitive approach aimed at solving complex problems by reorganizing relevant experiences logically.

Creative Thinking

The ability to generate new ideas or novel solutions, characterized by originality and innovation.

Critical Thinking

The process of evaluating facts and biases to make purposeful and unbiased judgments.

Non-directed Thinking

A type of thinking that is free-flowing and without specific goals, often reflected in daydreaming.

Mental Set

A tendency to solve problems in a particular way, which can lead to rigidity in problem-solving.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning that involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning that starts with a general principle and applies it to reach a specific conclusion.

Decision Making

A problem-solving process where a choice is made among various alternatives based on evaluation.

Heuristic

A general problem-solving framework or mental shortcut that helps in decision-making.

Algorithm

A step-by-step formula or procedure used to find a solution to a problem.

Divergent Thinking

A method of thinking that generates multiple answers and explores various possibilities.

Convergent Thinking

A form of thinking focused on finding a single, correct solution to a problem.

Post-decision Dissonance

Feelings of regret or discomfort experienced after making a decision, especially if the chosen alternative has negative aspects.