exam 4 study guide

Lymphatic System Functions

Helps fight infection and returns excess fluid to the bloodstream

Lymph Vessels

Transport lymph fluid throughout the body

Lymph Nodes

Filter lymph and trap bacteria

Spleen

Filters blood and removes old red blood cells and pathogens

Bone Marrow

Produces white blood cells (lymphocytes)

Tonsils (Pharyngeal/Adenoids)

Help trap pathogens in the throat

Thymus

Matures T-cells

Lymph

Fluid that travels through the lymphatic system

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that fight disease-causing organisms

Lymphedema

Swelling caused by blocked or damaged lymph vessels

Urinary System Functions

Removes metabolic waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and regulates blood pressure

Order of Urine Flow

Kidneys → Ureters → Urinary Bladder → Urethra

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney

Glomerulus

Site of filtration in the kidney

Loop of Henle

Concentrates urine

Collecting Duct

Final urine processing occurs here

Renin

Hormone that helps regulate blood pressure

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

Urea

Main nitrogen waste found in urine

Filtration

Process where blood is filtered into filtrate at the glomerulus

Reabsorption

Process that returns water and nutrients to the blood

Secretion

Process that adds wastes to the filtrate

Oliguria

Low urine output of less than 400 mL per day

Hematuria

Blood in the urine

Creatinine

Waste product removed by the kidneys

High Creatinine Level

May indicate kidney dysfunction

Normal Urine Appearance

Clear and pale yellow

Urine Appearance During Dehydration

Dark yellow or amber

Normal Bladder Capacity

400–600 mL

NSAIDs (Ibuprofen)

Can cause kidney damage by reducing blood flow to the kidneys

Kidney Transplant

Replacement of a kidney

Dialysis

Artificial filtering of the blood

Respiratory System Functions

Gas exchange, air movement, smell, filtering, and warming air

Order of Air Flow

Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs

Alveoli

Site of gas exchange

Diaphragm

Main breathing muscle

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the airway

Uvula

Blocks the nasal cavity during swallowing

Pulmonary Ventilation

Breathing in and out

External Respiration

Gas exchange between lungs and blood

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and body cells

Cellular Respiration

Energy production within cells

Medulla

Part of the brain that helps control breathing

Pons

Part of the brain that helps regulate breathing

Vital Capacity

Total usable amount of air in the lungs

Residual Volume

Air remaining in the lungs after exhalation; not included in vital capacity

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food through chewing

Chemical Digestion

Breakdown of food using enzymes and acids

Small Intestine

Main site of nutrient absorption

Duodenum

First section of the small intestine

Jejunum

Second section of the small intestine

Ileum

Third section of the small intestine

Large Intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

Chyme

Semi-liquid food mixture found in the stomach

Feces

Waste material formed in the large intestine

Bile

Substance that emulsifies fats

Liver Produces

Bile

Function of Bile

Emulsifies fats to aid digestion

Parotid Gland

Largest salivary gland

Submandibular Gland

Salivary gland located beneath the jaw

Sublingual Gland

Salivary gland located beneath the tongue

Natural Passive Immunity

Antibodies passed from mother to baby

Artificial Active Immunity

Immunity gained through vaccines such as flu shots

Plasma Cells

Not part of nonspecific immunity

Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

Function of the Spleen

Filters blood and removes old red blood cells and pathogens

Enamel

Hard outer covering of a tooth

Kidneys and Blood

Kidneys filter blood and produce urine

Kidneys Remove

Creatinine

Lymph Flows Through

Lymph vessels

Urine Is Produced By

Kidneys

Functional Unit of the Kidney

Nephron

Gas Exchange Occurs In

Alveoli

Main Function of the Small Intestine

Nutrient absorption

Main Function of the Large Intestine

Water absorption and feces formation

Organ That Produces Bile

Liver

Brain Centers That Control Breathing

Medulla and pons