AMSTA Exam Review

What are horizontal and vertical integration? How do they impact competition?

Horizontal integration is when one business controls other businesses making the same or similar product, while vertical integration is when a business controls every step of the production process. Both can reduce competition in the market.

What industry did Andrew Carnegie work in, and what integration strategy did he use?

Andrew Carnegie worked in the steel industry and used vertical integration.

In which industry did John D. Rockefeller operate, and what integration strategy did he use?

John D. Rockefeller operated in the oil industry and used horizontal integration.

What is Laissez-Faire economics, and what impact did it have on the industrial revolution?

Laissez-Faire economics is a hands-off approach to the economy which allowed business leaders to control their industry with little government regulation.

Define Social Darwinism and identify its supporters.

Social Darwinism is the belief that one’s social class is superior to others, typically supported by wealthy individuals and those with strong religious views.

What were the main tactics used by big businesses and labor during conflicts?

Big businesses often ignored workers' needs, while labor tactics included striking and collective bargaining.

Describe collective bargaining and striking as used by Labor Unions.

Collective bargaining is the negotiation between workers and employers about demands, while striking involves workers stopping work to demand changes.

How did industrialization affect social class divisions?

Industrialization led to a significant divide between the rich and the poor.

What are some Progressive Voting Reforms?

Direct primaries, secret ballot, and initiative/referendum/recall.

How did political machines respond to Progressive Voting Reforms?

Political machines disliked these reforms as they reduced their control over the political process.

Who was William 'Boss' Tweed and what was his significance?

William 'Boss' Tweed was the head of Tammany Hall known for corruption and fraud.

What is the Chinese Exclusion Act?

The Chinese Exclusion Act banned entry to all Chinese immigrants except for certain categories like students and officials.

What does the Statue of Liberty quote imply about immigration?

The quote implies a welcoming attitude towards immigrants, contrasting with the country's actions at the time.

What roles did political machines play for immigrants?

Political machines provided jobs for immigrants in exchange for their votes.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy V. Ferguson?

The ruling established the 'Separate but Equal' doctrine for segregation.

What are Jim Crow Laws?

Jim Crow Laws were statutes that enforced racial segregation in public and private spaces.

What was the Square Deal and who created it?

The Square Deal was created by Teddy Roosevelt aimed at fairness in laws, including consumer protection and conservation.

Who influenced the Square Deal regarding consumer protection?

Upton Sinclair and his book 'The Jungle' influenced Roosevelt’s focus on food safety.

What is the Federal Reserve Act?

The Federal Reserve Act created a banking system under federal control.

What were the goals of the 16th to 19th Amendments?

16th: federal income tax; 17th: direct election of Senators; 18th: prohibition of alcohol; 19th: women's suffrage.

What does imperialism mean?

Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation's authority over other countries through economic, political, or military means.

What was Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy summarized in a quote?

'Speak softly but carry a big stick'.

What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War regarding U.S. support?

The U.S. supported Cuba's fight for independence from Spain, influenced by yellow journalism.

What were Hoovervilles?

Hoovervilles were makeshift shantytowns where homeless people lived during the Great Depression.

How did FDR differ from Hoover in addressing the Great Depression?

FDR believed in direct government involvement and created the New Deal to provide relief and stimulate recovery.

What is the significance of the Holocaust?

The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of 12 million people, mainly Jews, by the Nazis.

Where were the atomic bombs dropped during WWII?

The atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.