AMSTA Exam Review

A New Industrial Age: Chapter 6

  1. What are horizontal and vertical Integration and how do they impact competition?

Horizontal integration is one business attempting to control other businesses to make the same or similar product. Vertical integration is a business controlling every step of the process producing a good.

  1. What industry did Andrew Carnegie work in? Did he use vertical integration, horizontal integration, or the assembly line?

Steel industry and vertical integration.

  1. What Industry did John D. Rockefeller work in? Did he use vertical integration, horizontal integration, or the assembly line?

Oil industry, and horizontal integration.

  1. What is Laissez-Faire economics? What impact did they have on the industrial revolution?

A hands-off approach to the economy allowed business leaders to control so much of their industry, but there was also little to no government regulation of the economy.

  1. What is Social Darwinism? What type of individuals supported the philosophy of Social Darwinism and why?

The belief that your social class is better than all the others, the rich people and those with strong religious views, most supported this idea.

  1. Identify and explain the conflicts between big businesses and labor tactics both sides used.

Big businesses did not care about their workers, labor tactics were most commonly striking, or collective bargaining (negotiation).

  1. Describe collective bargaining and striking and how they were used by Labor Unions.

Collective bargaining was workers trying to talk it out and negotiate about their demands. Striking was when most or all employees stop working at the same time, which halted the work of their employer.

  1. How did industrialization impact division in the social classes?

Industrialization led to a great division between rich and poor.



Immigrant and Urbanization: Chapter 7

  1. Describe the Progressive Voting Reforms. Why would political machines have disliked some of these ideas?

Direct primaries, secret ballot, and initiative/referendum/recall. Political machines didn;t like these because it meant their power to control the political process was lessened. 

  1. Understand the Political Corruption taking place during the Industrial Revolution, highlighting the individual terms: William “Boss” Tweed, Thomas Nast (and how he went after Tweed), Tammany Hall and the Tammany Ring.

William “Boss” Tweed: known for fraud, and was head of Tammany Hall. 

Thomas Nast: Political cartoonist that went after Tweed and exposed him and Tammany Hall of the fraud, caused public outrage.

Tammany Hall: a powerful Democratic political machine in NYC. 

Tammany Ring: a group of corrupt politicians who defrauded the city.

  1. Immigration Difficulties:

Chinese Exclusion Act: banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. 

Americanization: attempts to teach people about American culture and get them to accept it.

Jacob Riis and Tenement housing: photographer who tried to capture life in tenement houses and draw awareness to how people were living. Tenement housing was disgusting, crowded apartment housing.

  1. The Statue of Liberty welcomed people when they arrived at what famous immigrant checkpoint? The statue has engraved on it “give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send those, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door.” What is the attitude towards immigration expressed in this quote? Did it match the actions of our country at this time?

This is implying that the immigrants are more than welcome into the U.S., but our actions said the complete opposite. 

In what ways did political machines and immigrants help one another?
Political machines would provide jobs for immigrants and in exchange they would guarantee their vote.

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century: Chapter 8

  1. Segregation and Discrimination

Plessy V. Ferguson: “Separate but equal” when it came to races.

Jim Crow Laws: Separated whites and blacks, in both public and private spaces.

Literacy Tests: Reading tests given to all voters, made easier for whites, and were very unfair to blacks.

Poll Tax: Tax to pay to be qualified to vote, hard for poor people (mainly blacks because they weren’t given jobs) to pay.

Grandfather Clause: If a man did not pass the literacy test or pay the poll tax, he could still vote if he, his father, or grandfather, had been eligible to vote before Jan 1, 1867 (Before this date, blacks could not vote)

Progressives: Chapter 9

  1. Explain the Square Deal. Including: which president created it. What it was (summary). As well as the strategies it used to protect consumers and to preserve natural resources. Know the influence Upton Sinclair and John Muir had on the Square Deal.

Created by Teddy Roosevelt, the main goal was to create fair laws within the country. Upton Sinclair wrote the book “The Jungle” which helped Roosevlet bring change to the food (specifically the meatpacking) industries. John Muir influenced Roosevelt to set aside natural areas for national parks, sanctuaries, etc.

  1. How did muckraking journalists, like Upton Sinclair, impact social change?

They exposed real world problems, and inspired people to want change and to want to fix things.

  1. Explain the outcome of the election of 1912. 

Republicans were divided because of Roosevelt and Taft fighting, which cleared an easy victory for Democrat Widrow Wilson to win. 

What was the Federal Reserve Act?

Created a banking system under federal control.

What was the Pure Food and Drug Act?

Protected consumers from unsafe food and drugs.

16th: legalized a federal income tax (wealthy have pay more taxes than the poor), progressive because it aimed to improve the economics for businesses

17th: allowed for states to nominate senators, progressive because it promoted rights to vote

18th: banned the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol, progressive because it promotes moral reform

19th: granted women the right to vote, progressive because it promotes equality and voting/racism issues 

America Expands: Chapter 10

  1. Define Imperialism.

The policy of extending a nation's authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means.

  1. What do the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary say regarding the U.S. and imperialism?

They both supported the idea that the U.S. would remain peaceful unless threatened or attacked first, then we would fight back with full force.

  1. Explain the Open Door Notes/ Policy and where it was used.

The notes asked that the nations share their trading rights with the U.S., meant that no single nation would fully control trade with any part of China.

  1. What was Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy strategy? What quote is often used to summarize his ideas?

“Speak softly but carry a big stick”

  1. Identify and explain the causes of the United States entry into the Spanish American war and the influence that yellow journalism played.

The U.S. wanted Spain for military reasons, and when Cuba revolted and wanted to be free from Spain, the U.S. supported them and helped. Yellow journalism was when stories would be written for newspapers, but were written extremely exaggerated and gave the public the wrong ideas.




  1. Identify and explain specific details surrounding the construction of the Panama Canal (President in charge, foreign policy used, countries involved, what it did). 

Roosevelt was in charge, Roosevelt Corollary was used, Colombia and the U.S. were involved, the canal ultimately connected the two oceans and ended up strengthening the U.S. military. 

World War l: Chapter 11

  1. Identify and explain the significant (M.A.I.N) causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.

  1. Identify the style of warfare in WWI and how it impacted the war.

Trench warfare led to a stalemate in the trenches because both sides had the same new weapons.  

  1. What is the Zimmerman Note? How did it impact American neutrality?

A secret telegram from Germany to Mexico proposing a secret alliance in exchange for American land.

  1. Explain the U.S. mobilization using terms such as:

Selective Service Act: we needed numbers in the military, all men 21-30 were forced to register.

Liberty Bonds/Victory Bonds: American citizens lend money to the government for war efforts in exchange for a return on their investment.

Victory Gardens: gardens placed in public areas to help reduce the pressure of food supply, by people growing their own food, food in stores could go to soldiers.

Rationing/conserving food: Americans were asked to conserve wheat, meat, sugar, and fats.

  1. Identify and explain significant details of Schenk v. U.S. and the impact it had on WWI. Know which amendment was brought into question with this case.

Limited free speech during wartime because people were not allowed to talk bad about the war efforts if they had an opinion. 13th amendment.

  1. How did exported goods play a role in the United States entry into WWI?

It strengthed the economic ties between the U.S. and the Allied Powers.



  1. America joined WWI late. Were we impactful to the war effort? Explain.

We were very impactful to the war effort, we provided more men, more resources, more money, and a lot more support against Germany.

  1. Identify specific locations and events that played a role in WWI, such as:

Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary

Allied: Russia, France, Great Britain, and Italy

Western and Eastern Fronts: Western front was the main theater of war, while the Eastern front was far more mobile.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: led to the outbreak of wars, which ultimately led to WWI

German U-Boat activity: German submarines that attacked any Allied ships they saw in the water outside Britain.

  1. Which country switched sides during the war?

Italy

  1. Explain the Treaty of Versailles. Including: who made the treaty, who signed it, who was made to sign it, the major impacts it had, its faults, and the creation of the League of Nations post WWI?

Made by the Allied powers, made Germany sign, and blamed Germany for the entire WWI.

  1. Explain why some leaders opposed the League of Nations and therefore the Treaty of Versailles?

Some did not like the League of Nations and Treaty of Versailles because they thought it was too harsh, and would cause future conflicts.

The 1920’s: Chapters 12 and 13

  1. Explain the time period known as the Red Scare and the tactics used by Mitchell Palmer to solve the problems of so-called communism and radicalism in America. 

Intense fear of communism in the country, Mitchell Palmer used “Palmer Raids” which were mass evictions and forcing communists out of the country.



  1. What did Marcus Garvey want for African Americans in the 1920’s? 

He wanted to empower African Americans and wanted them to embrace their creative/artistic sides.

  1. What was the Harlem Renaissance? How did it impact Black Culture?

A movement that celebrated black culture, identity, and pride. Impacted black culture by inspiring black artists, they created a lot of famous music and artwork during this time.

  1. Identify and explain the impact of the automobile on families during the 1920s and how Henry Ford and the assembly line helped revolutionize this era. 

The automobile allowed for families and individuals to move vast distances and grow the urban population.

  1. How did social roles for women change during the 1920s?

They gained the right to vote, and were seen as much better and more useful people than before.

  1. Identify some of the pro-business decisions and tactics of President Coolidge. 

Laissez-Faire economics

  1. Identify the differences between traditionalist/fundamentalists and modernist and what their opinions would have been when debating the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Traditionalists believed strongly in the Bible and its lessons on evolution, modernists wanted to teach the other beliefs on evolution.

  1. What were the goals of immigration laws at this time?

Reduced immigration due to the Red Scare.

Depression and New Deal: Chapters 14 and 15

  1. What major natural event added to the pressure of the Great Depression for the rural/farming sector of our society?

The Dust Bowl



  1. Explain Hoover’s philosophies on getting America out of the Great Depression. Be sure to include his beliefs on direct federal relief, voluntary cooperation, and rugged individualism in your answer.

He was very against providing direct government relief, he hoped people would just get together and solve the problem themselves (voluntary cooperation), and he also wanted people to survive on their own efforts (rugged individualism).

  1. What were Hoovervilles?

Where most people lived in the great depression, very small and poorly built homes.

  1. What strategy did FDR take towards ending the Great Depression? Know the name of his plan and how he went about accomplishing his goals. Be able to summarize some policies he created to achieve these goals. 

FDR believed in direct government involvement in helping provode relief, he created the New Deal which was 15 relief, reform, and recovery measures created by FDR  and his Brain Trust.

  1. What event led to the creation of the Social Security Act? In what ways was the SSA supposed to provide direct protection against another economic fallout like the one that created it?



  1. Was FDR successful in ending the Great Depression?

WWII was the ultimate cause that led the U.S. out of the Great Depression, but FDR made a big difference to how people were living and did as much as he could.

World War II: Chapters 16 and 17

  1. What post WWI decisions led to WWII and why? (mention the Treaty of Versailles in your answer).

By blaming the entire WWI on Germany, they ended up revolting because they didn’t deserve it.

  1. What impact did the lend lease act have on the entrance of the United States into WWII?

Allowed them to help their allies by providing resources and supplies, but they were to stay out of the war for a while.




  1. What happened to Japanese Americans during WWII? 

They faced extreme discrimination, either by being forcefully removed from the country, or were placed in camps.



  1. How was rationing used in WWII? What were the purposes of rationing food?

Similar to WWI, rationing was used to help save resources for soldiers. The use of ration cards and maximum prices helped.

  1. Explain the term “holocaust” and identify the people impacted by these events (people groups who were attacked and where they were from).

Holocaust = Systematic persecution and murder of 12 million people at the hands of the Nazis. Mostly attacked Jews.

  1. Identify where the atomic bomb was dropped. What were the consequences of the bomb?

Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, almost every building in Japan collapsed and death tolls were off the charts.