BASIC TERMINOLOGIES USED IN RUMINANT PRODUCTION

Antibiotic infusion

commonly used in introduction of antibiotic through the teat canal

Calf starter

high energy, high protein concentrate feed for dairy calf

Churn

to agitate causing the separation of free fat in milk or cream

Curd

1. he solid mass resulting from cutting and heating of the coagulum formed by the clotting of milk be rennet or acid

2. coagulated milk

Dairy beef

denotes steers of dairy breeds grown and finished the same way as beef steers. It also includes all cows, heifer, culls and calves including veal calves.

Dry cow

a non-lactating cow

Rennet

a commercial preparation containing rennin

Rennin

a protein splitting enzyme, prepared from the abomasum of the calf, possessing the property of clotting milk

Starters

culture of lactic streptococci added to milk to promote acid development

Veal

meat of calves

Veal calves

calves feed all liquid diets and raised for meat production

Acaricide

a substance or a preparation used in killing ticks and mites

Anthelmintic

a drug administered as drench, bolus, injectable or mixed in feed to get rid of intestinal parasites

Antiseptic

one that prevents or arrests the growth of action of microorganisms either by inhibiting their activity or destroying them

Breeder stock

animal intended for breeding purposes

Bull

1. breeding cattle oof any age

2. a matured male breeding cattle

Calf

young cattle of either sex under one year of age

Calf crop

the number of calves weaned over the number of cows and cycling heifers exposed within a breeding season

Calf drop

the number of calves born

Calving

act of giving birth in cows

Castration

removal of the testes from the scrotum of any method that would render the testes functionless

Concentrate

feed which contain less than 18% crude fiber with high digestible nutrients

Conception

pregnancy

Cow

1. mature female cattle that has given birth

2. mature female cattle

Estrous cycle/Heat cycle

interval from one estrous to the next estrous

Estrous/Heat period

the sexual period in females when they are receptive to mating

Feeder stock

cattle which is fattened prior to slaughtering

Feedlot

area with its physical facilities used for cattle fattening

Flushing

feeding livestock with plenty of feeds to make them gain weight just before or during breeding season

Grassland

a land or an area on which the natural dominant plant form is grass

Hand feeding

system of feeding wherein feeds are brought to the animals

Hay

cut and dried forage for livestock feed

Heifer

young female cattle usually under 3 years old that has not yet given birth

Herbage

grass and other herbaceous vegetation for animal feeding

Herd

any number of cattle, carabaos, horses, sheep, goats, swine and poultry under one management, maintained in one premise which are allowed to associate or come in contact with one another

Parturition

a general term for giving birth

Post-partum

the period after birth

Replacement stock

yearling heifer or bull raised primarily for breeding purposes

Roughage

feed which contain at least 18% crude fiber and low digestible nutrient

Silage

any fermented feed material stored in a silo for feeding

Silo

a structure usually sealed when full to exclude air and used for storing silage

Soilage

forage cut and fed fresh to the animals; also called green chop, soiling or cut and carry

Tethering

restraining an animal with a rope or chain to allow limited movement

Upgrading

improving the genetic potential of an animal by using purebred sire on native (mongrel/scrub) animal

Weaning

separating the suckling calf from its dam usually done at the age of 6-8 months

Yearling

1. 1-2 years old of cattle of either sex

2. 12 – 24months

Yoke

a piece of arched or curved timber fitted on the neck of the draft animal to connect sleds, carts and other farm implants

Barrel

the trunk or middle part of the body between the fore and hind leg

Browse plants

shrubs or trees nibbled by goats

Buck kid

a male kid

Chevon

goat meat

Doe

a mature female goat that have kidded

Doeling

1. a mature goat that has not yet kidded

2. young female goat

Doe kid

a female kid

Fawn

light yellowish-brown in color

Hooks

the joint in the hind legs of an animal which correspond to the knee

In – kid

pregnant

Kid

a young goat still usually immature

Maiden doe or virgin doe

a mature female goat ready for breeding

Milking doe

a nursing or lactating female goat

Scurf

the small shreds of epidermis that are continually shed off

Stocky

thick-set , sturdy or firmly built

Tan

to treat or change hide or animal skin into LEATHER

Wattle

fleshy lobe or appendage hanging down from the throat or chin, skin of goats

Wether

castrated male sheep before the secondary sex character

Ram

breeding male sheep, any age

Ewe

breeding female sheep, any age sheep

Stag

1. unsexed male sheep, castrated after the secondary characteristic appear

2. castrated male cattle at the age of puberty

Lamb

1. less than 12 months old sheep

2. young sheep of either sex

Shearing

1. yearling sheep

2. cutting the wool of sheep

2 tooth

yearling sheep

Full mouth

4 year old sheep or older

Short mouth

sheep which is 5 years or older; short teeth

Broken mouth

very old sheep, losing its incisors

Gummer

1. old sheep, no more incisors

2. a sheep so old that it has lost all of its teeth

Crossbreed

both parents purebred

Grade

1 parent purebred

Scrub

unknown or nondescript breeding

Mutton

meat of sheep/matured sheep

Abattoir

a facility where farm animals are harvested and processed onto meat products

Abomasum

the fourth compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; the one where digestion takes place

Abortion

premature loss of pregnancy

Ad libitum

unlimited feeding

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

also called “fear” or “fright” hormone, release by adrenals as a result of nervous stimulation such as rough treatment of the cow, loud noises, pain and irritation

Afterbirth

other term for placenta

Artificial insemination

the deposition of semen into the reproductive tract of the female by artificial means

Bloat

excessive accumulation of gases in the rumen of the animal

Bottle jaw

edema or fluid accumulation under the jaw and a sign of infection

Breech presentation

breech presentation of birth is one in which the rear portion of the fetus is presented first

Breed

a group of animals descended from common ancestors and having a certain distinguishing characteristic not common to other members of the same species

Breeding stock

animal intended for breeding purposes

Breeding herd

these are dry cows and heifers ready for breeding

Capacitation

the phenomenon in which the spermatozoa must be exposed to the secretions of the female tract for a certain period before they acquire the capacity to fertilize the eggs

Coccidiostat

any of the chemical agents mixed in the feed or drinking water to control coccidiosis in animals

Colostrum

milk produced during the first 3-5 days after parturition which contains a high protein, vitamins and minerals, and antibodies that supply essential antibodies to the newly born animals

Condition

the degree of fatness of an animal. With dairy or breeding animals, fatness is prejudicial to their functional activities.

Constitution

the size and the quality of vital organs of an animal determine its constitutional vigor

Cud

1. food of a ruminant regurgitated to be chewed again

2. partly digested feed returned from the rumen to mouth for further digestion

Culling

the process that determines which animal in the herd will not be bred

Cryptorchidism

failure of one or both testes to descend