HIST 2A03 FINAL EXAM REVIEW PT. 2

Timeline from 1900-present

1902

Aswan Low Dam completed

1906

Dinshaway incident; Iranian Constitutional Revolution (First Majles)

1907

Anglo-Russian agreement divides Iran into spheres of influence

1908

Young Turk Revolution restores Ottoman constitution; Hijaz Railway opens; oil discovered in Iran (D'Arcy)

1909

Abdul Hamid II deposed; Mehmed V becomes figurehead; Adana massacre (20,000 Armenians)

1911

Italy invades Libya

1912–13

Balkan Wars; Ottomans driven from Europe

1913

CUP makes concessions to Armenians and Arabs

1914

Ottomans enter WWI on the German side; APOC (Anglo-Persian Oil Company) created

1915

Gallipoli campaign; Inter-Allied Constantinople Agreement (Istanbul promised to Russia); Armenian deportations begin

1915–16

Husayn-McMahon Correspondence (Arab state promised)

1916

Sykes-Picot Agreement (secret Franco-British division of the Middle East); Arab Revolt begins; Battle of Kut (British defeated in Iraq)

1917

Balfour Declaration (Jewish homeland promised); British take Baghdad and Jerusalem

1918

Arabs capture Damascus and Aleppo; Mudros Armistice (October 30); WWI ends

1919

League of Nations approves the mandate system; the Faisal-Weizmann agreement; the Egyptian revolt (Wafd party)

1920

Mandates were divided roughly per Sykes-Picot; the French expelled Faisal from Syria; a revolt in Iraq; Faisal was appointed King of Iraq

1921

Abdullah set up in Transjordan; the Grand National Assembly was established in Ankara

1922

Egyptian independence (partial); British retain 4 key rights; Turkey wins war vs Greece

1923

Treaty of Lausanne; Republic of Turkey established (October 29); Sultanate abolished

1924

Caliphate dissolved; new Turkish constitution; Iraqi constitution ratified

1925

Ibn Saud takes Hijaz; the last Qajar Shah is deposed; Reza Khan becomes Shah

1926

Lebanese Republic constitution; Reza Shah introduces secular schools

1928

Agreement giving Abdullah greater autonomy in Jordan; the Muslim Brotherhood was founded in Egypt)

1929

The British were forced to end Arab-Israeli peace efforts; the Iraq Petroleum Company was established

1930

Anglo-Iraqi Treaty; Turkish women get municipal vote

1931

Death of Sharif Hussein; Kuwait oil concession signed

1932

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was declared; Iraq gained independence

1933

Saudi Arabia signs oil deal with Standard Oil of California; Hitler rises to power

1934

Turkish women get parliamentary vote; 18 women win seats (1935)

1936

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty; Arab Revolt in Palestine begins; first military coup in Iraq (Bakr Sidqi)

1937–39

Palestinian Arab Revolt

1938

Oil discovered in Kuwait; Saudi Arabia begins oil drilling

1939

British White Paper limits Jewish immigration to Palestine (75,000 over 5 years); WWII begins; Sanjak of Alexandretta joins Turkey

1941

British and Soviets invade Iran; Reza Shah abdicates; Muhammad Reza Shah takes power; Iraq coup attempt (pro-British government restored with British invasion)

1944

Aramco founded

1945

Arab League established; WWII ends

1946

Jordan becomes an independent Kingdom; Syria and Lebanon gain independence; Soviet forces withdraw from Iranian Azerbaijan

1947

UN partition plan for Palestine (Resolution 181): 55% Jewish state, 42% Arab state; Truman Doctrine

1948

Israel declares independence (May 14); Palestinian Nakba; 1948 Arab-Israeli War; Jordan annexes West Bank; UNRWA established; UN Resolution 194 (Palestinian right of return)

1949

Armistice; Israel grows to 78% of mandate; series of coups in Syria; 750,000+ Palestinians displaced

1950

Turkish Democratic Party elected; Law of Return enacted (Israel); UNRWA founded

1951

Mosaddeq becomes Iranian PM; oil nationalization; Abdullah I assassinated; Hussein becomes King of Jordan (1953

1952

Turkey joins NATO; Free Officers coup in Egypt (July 23); Egypt declared a republic (1953)

1953

CIA/MI6 coup restores Shah in Iran; SAVAK established

1954

Anglo-Egyptian agreement: British to leave Suez Canal zone; Muslim

1955

Baghdad Pact (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Britain); Czech arms deal (Nasser-Soviet)

1956

Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal (July 26); Suez Crisis: Israel invades Sinai (Oct 29), Britain/France bomb Egypt, UN ceasefire (Nov); US and USSR both condemn attack; Egypt retains canal; Nasser becomes pan-Arab hero

1957

Eisenhower Doctrine; Hussein suppresses Jordan coup attempt

1958

UAR (Syria-Egypt union) formed; Qasim overthrows Iraqi monarchy (July); US Marines land in Lebanon (Operation Blue Bat); Faisal II, Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Said killed; Baghdad Pact collapses

1960

OPEC founded (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela); Turkish military coup

1961

Syria withdraws from the UAR; Kuwait gains independence

1962

Military coup in Yemen; Egypt intervenes in the Yemen civil war; Nasser's Arab socialist charter

1963

Ba'th coup in Syria and Iraq; White Revolution announced in Iran

1964

PLO founded; Khomeini exiled from Iran

1966

Salah Jadid takes power in Syria

1967

June War/Six-Day War (June 5–10): Israel destroys Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian air forces; captures Sinai, Gaza, West Bank, Golan Heights; UN Resolution 242; Suez Canal closed (until 1975)

1968

Ba'th coup in Iraq; al-Bakr becomes president; Republican Guard established; Saddam Hussein becomes VP (1969)

1969

Arafat elected PLO chairman; Gaddafi coup in Libya

1970

Hafez al-Assad seizes power in Syria (November); Black September in Jordan: PLO expelled; Nasser dies (September 28); Sadat becomes Egyptian president

1971

Turkish military coup (coup by memorandum); Iranian White Revolution officially ends; UAE formed; Bahrain and Qatar independent

1972

Iraq nationalizes oil industry; Sadat expels Soviet military from Egypt; Munich Olympics massacre (11 Israeli athletes killed)

1973

October/Yom Kippur War (October 6): Egypt and Syria attack Israeli positions; OPEC oil embargo; oil prices quadruple; Kissinger shuttle diplomacy

1974

Arab League recognizes PLO as sole representative of Palestinians; Arafat addresses UN; Sinai I agreement

1975

Lebanese Civil War begins; Sinai II; King Faisal of Saudi Arabia assassinated; Shah introduces Resurgence Party; Algiers Agreement (Iraq-Iran border)

1976

Syrian forces intervene in Lebanon

1977

Sadat visits Jerusalem/Knesset; Egyptian-Israeli negotiations begin; Camp David Accords drafted (1978); Likud wins Israeli elections (Begin becomes PM)

1978

Camp David Accords (September); Israel invades southern Lebanon (Operation Litani); Iranian Revolution protests intensify; Abadan Rex Theatre fire

1979

Shah leaves Iran (January); Khomeini returns (February 1); Islamic Republic referendum (March); US hostages seized (November); Grand Mosque seizure in Mecca; Saddam Hussein becomes Iraqi president; Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty (March 26); Egypt expelled from Arab League

1980

Iran-Iraq War begins (September); Iraq invades Iran; hostage crisis continues

1981

Sadat assassinated (October 6); Mubarak becomes Egyptian president; hostages released; Special Republican Guard established (1982)

1982

Israel invades Lebanon (Operation Peace for Galilee); PLO evacuated from Beirut; Sabra and Shatila massacre; Begin resigns (1983); Hezbollah formed

1983

Hezbollah truck bombs kill French and US troops in Beirut; Western forces leave Lebanon; Turkey's Motherland Party wins elections

1987

First Intifada begins (December 9); Hamas is established

1988

Iran-Iraq War ceasefire (August 20); Iraq uses chemical weapons on Kurds at Halabja; PLO accepts Resolutions 242 and 338; Hamas charter issued; PLO declares Palestinian state

1989

Khomeini dies (June); Taif Accord ends Lebanese civil war; Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan; Berlin Wall falls

1990

Iraq invades Kuwait (August 2); Kuwait annexed; Operation Desert Shield; Yemen united; PLO supports Iraq (loses Gulf funding)

1991

Operation Desert Storm (January 16–February 27); Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait; Iraqi uprisings (Shi'a south, Kurdish north) crushed; no-fly zones imposed; UN Resolution 687; Madrid Peace Conference; USSR dissolves

1992

Kuwait assembly elections; opposition wins 35/50 seats

1993

Oslo I Accords (September 13): PLO recognizes Israel, Israel recognizes PLO; Palestinian autonomy framework; Rabin-Arafat handshake

1994

Jordan-Israel peace treaty; Arafat returns to Gaza; Palestinian Authority established; Mosque of Abraham massacre (Baruch Goldstein kills 29 Palestinians)

1995

Oslo II agreement; Rabin assassinated (November 4) by Yigal Amir

1996

Palestinian Authority elections; Arafat elected president; Hamas boycotts; Netanyahu elected Israeli PM; PKK leader Öcalan captured (1999)

1997

Khatami elected Iranian president; Turkish army pressures Erbakan to resign ("soft coup")

1998

Wye Accords

1999

King Hussein of Jordan dies; Abdullah II succeeds; Ehud Barak elected Israeli PM

2000

Israel withdraws from southern Lebanon; Hafez al-Assad dies; Bashar al-Assad succeeds; Camp David II summit (fails); Second Intifada erupts (September, after Sharon's Temple Mount visit)

2001

Taba talks (January); 9/11 attacks; US invades Afghanistan

2002

Bush "axis of evil" speech; UN Resolution 1441 (Iraq weapons)

2003

US invades Iraq (March 20); Baghdad falls in three weeks; Saddam captured (December); Ba'th Party disbanded; de-Ba'thification

2004

Arafat dies (November); Abu Musab al-Zarqawi creates AQI; International Court condemns Israeli wall

2005

Sharon disengagement: evacuates Gaza settlers; Rafiq Hariri assassinated (February); Cedar Revolution; Syrian troops leave Lebanon; Mahmoud Abbas elected PA president; Ahmadinejad elected Iranian president; Iraqi elections

2006

Hamas wins Palestinian elections (76 seats vs Fatah's 43); Hamas refuses to recognize Israel; Nuri al-Maliki forms Iraqi government; Second Lebanon War (July-August); Saddam Hussein executed

2007

US "surge" in Iraq; Hamas seizes Gaza (June); al-Sahwa (Awakening) movement fights AQI

2008

Doha Agreement (Lebanon); Israel invades Gaza (Operation Cast Lead); SOFA signed (US-Iraq); Olmert-Abbas talks collapse

2009

Obama elected; withdraws support for settlements; Netanyahu re-elected; Green Movement protests in Iran after disputed elections

2010

Muhammad Bouazizi self-immolates in Tunisia (December 17); Arab Spring begins

2011

Arab Spring: Ben Ali flees Tunisia (January 14); Mubarak ousted (February 11); NATO intervention in Libya; Syrian civil war begins; Gaddafi killed; Osama bin Laden killed; ISIS founded (2013)

2012

UN recognizes Palestinian state; Morsi elected Egyptian president; Syrian civil war intensifies

2013

Morsi overthrown by Sisi (July); Muslim Brotherhood banned in Egypt; ISIS founded; Rouhani elected Iranian president; JCPOA negotiations begin

2014

ISIS consolidates across Iraq/Syria; declares caliphate; third Israel-Gaza war; US-led coalition bombs ISIS; Houthi takeover in Yemen