CSCC BIO 2300 Unit 1 Practical Exam

Cervical

neck region

Lumbar

lower back/vertebrae

Sacral

sacrum

Sternal

sternum

Pectoral

chest

Inguinal

groin

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Olecranal

back of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

palm of hand

Dorsum

top of foot/back of hand

Digital

toes/fingers

Coxal

hip

Gluteal

buttock

Femoral

thigh

Popliteal

back of knee

Patellar

front of knee

Crural

leg

Tarsal

ankle

Calcaneal

pertaining to the heel

Plantar

bottom of foot

Frontal

forehead

Occipital

back of head

Auricular

ear

Orbital

eye

Buccal

cheek

Mental

chin

Vertebral

spinal column

Simple Squamous

- Single layer of flat cells; squished

- Found in tunica intima (inner lining) of arteries and veins

Simple Cuboidal

- Single layer of cube shaped cells; as tall as they are wide

- Found in ducts of kidneys, pancreas, salivary glands

Simple Columnar

- Single layer of tall cells with elongated nuclei

- Goblet cells

- Lines digestive tract

- Can be ciliated (motile/aid in movement of substances) or

- Non-ciliated (contain microvilli that trap substances and aid in absorption; increase surface area) - small intestine

Stratified Squamous (non-keratinized)

Flat, multilayers of cells (has nucleus/not dead)

Stratified Squamous (keratinized)

- Flat, multilayers of cells (no nucleus/sloughed off)

- Contain keratin

- AKA epidermis / stratum corneum

Pseudostratified Columnar (ciliated)

- Simple; one layer

- All cells attach to basement membrane, not all cells reach apical surface

- Nuclei are dispersed/at random levels

- Ciliated

- Line respiratory tract (nose, trachea)

- Contain goblet cells

Transitional

- Stratified layers of cells that change shape from the basement membrane to apical surface

- Found in the bladder lining

- Bladder empty: cuboidal cells on apical surface

- Bladder full: squamous cells on apical surface

- Allow stretch/recoil

Areolar Connective Tissue

(Loose)

- Found in papillary layer of the dermis

Adipose Connective Tissue

(Loose)

- Found in hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

Reticular Connective Tissue

(Loose)

- Net/mesh-like to be able to filter

- Found in spleen and lymph nodes

- Dark-staining fibers

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

- Found in tendons and ligaments

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

- Found in reticular layer of dermis

Elastic Connective Tissue

(Dense)

- Allows stretch/re-coil of large arteries

- Found in aorta

---- When Identifying, the elastin fibers look like ramen noodles or cut rubber bands and they stain dark

Hyaline Cartilage

- Most common type of cartilage

- Appears shiny/glossy

- Found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Elastic Cartilage

- To identify: has lacunae and dark-staining elastin fibers

- More flexible than hyaline cartilage

- Found in auricular of ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Found in:

- Intervertebral discs

- Pubic symphysis

Compact Bone

- Outer hard shell of bone

- Contains osteons and central canals

Osteon

- Concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix

- Each osteon contains a central canal

Central Canal

Passageway in the middle of osteons than houses nerves/ blood vessels

Spongy Bone

- Inner layer of bone

- Has many small spaces

Erythrocyte

(RBC) red blood cells

- No nucleus

Leukocyte

(WBC) white blood cells

- Large

Platelet

Cell fragments

- Aid in clotting

Skeletal Muscle

- Striated

- Voluntary

- Located around the bones

- Multiple nuclei per cell/fiber in periphery

- Organized and uniform

Cardiac Muscle

- Striated

- Involuntary

- Only found in the heart

- Intercalated disks are identifying feature

- 1 or 2 nuclei

- Multiple mitochondria

Smooth Muscle

- Non-striated

- Involuntary

- "Spindle" shape - tapered ends

- 1 central nucleus

- Found around the organs

Axon

Directs messages away from nueron's cell body

- Single, long process extending form cell body

Dendrite

Branch-like structures extending from a neuron's cell body

- Receives messages; directs them toward cell body

Cell Body

Body of neuron; houses nucleus

Axon Hillock

Neuron's gatekeeper

- Triangular area where cell body and axon meet

Synapse

Where two neurons meet and information is transferred between nerve cells (or an effector cell or sensory receptor cell)

Nervous Tissue

Neurons and neuroglia

Neuroglial Cell

Cells that supports and assists neurons

- Type of nervous tissue

Neuron

Nerve cell

- Specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses

Epidermis

- Outer-most superficial region of skin

- Composed of stratum corneum and stratum basale

- Avascular; receives nutrients from dermis

Stratum Basale

- Deepest layer of epidermis

- Attaches to dermis

- House melanocytes/melanin

- Stem cells form new epidermal cells

Stratum Corneum

- Top layer of epidermis

- Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

- Cells slough off and are continuously replaced

Dermis

- Middle region (below epidermis; above hypodermis)

- Composed of two layer: papillary and reticular

- Vascular

- Houses hair, nerves, vessels, and glands

Hypodermis

- Deepest region (below the dermis)

- Connects skin to underlying muscles

- Adipose (fat)

- Absorbs shock, insulates, common injection site

Hair

grows out of skin (dermis=growth)

Hair Bulb

- Deep, expanded end of the hair follicle

- Location of active production/growth of hair

Arrector Pili

- Boundles of smooth muscle cells that makes hair stand on end

- Give goose bumps

- Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system

- Insulation

Meissner's Corpuscle

- Sensory receptor in superficial part of dermis (papillary laryer)

- Senses light touch and tickle

Pacinian Corpuscle

- Sensory receptor in deep dermis/hypodermis

- Senses deep pressure

Sebaceous Gland

- Secretes sebum (oil)

- Softens/lubricates hair and skin

- Controlled by hormones and become active during puberty

- Cause acne

- Most commonly found in face/neck/trunk

- Not present in palms or soles

Sweat Gland

Merocrine: palms/soles/forehead

- Water-like sweat

Apocrine: axillary/genitals

- Secretions contain fat and protein; smelly odor

Sweat Gland Duct

Sweat Pore

Epimysium

Connective tissue covering the entire muscle

Perimysium

Tissue covering the fascicle

Endomysium

Tissue covering muscle fibers

Muscle Belly

fleshy or contracting part of the muscle

Muscle Tendon

- Non-contractile portion of muscle

- Connects muscle to bone

Fascicle

Group of muscle fibers/cells

- 200-150

Muscle Fiber/Cell

Basic structural unit of muscle

Motor Neuron

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands

- Efferent

Neuromuscular Junction

Junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle

Motor unit

- 1 multipolar neuron

- Neuromuscular junctions (many)

- Muscle fibers (many) innervated by single motor neuron

Flexion

Knees / Elbows / Digits - decreases the angle of the joint / brings two bones closer together

All other joints - forward

Extension

Knee / Elbow / Digits - increases the angle of a joint

All other joints - backward

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Medial Rotation

Shoulder / Hip - rotation toward the midline (turn in)

Lateral Rotation

Shoulder / Hip - rotation away from the midline (turn out)

Pronation

Hand - palms face posterior

Supination

Hand - palms face anterior

(Anatomical position)

Dorsiflexion

Feet - elevate the foot (heel down)

Plantarflexion

Feet - elevate the heel; toes down

(high-heeled shoes)

Inversion

Feet - turning the sole of the foot inward

(pinky toe on ground)