Developmental disorders

psychopathology

Childhood disorders overview

psychological disorders diagnosed in children must be understood in context of normal development

Developmental consideration

behavior must be evaluated based on age appropriate expectations

Developmental psychopathology

study of what is abnormal at different stages of development

Anxiety disorders in children

most common mental disorders among children and adolescents

Gender differences anxiety

higher rates in girls

Most common anxiety disorder

specific phobia

Comorbidity

anxiety and depressive disorders often occur together in youth

Common childhood disorders

include ADHD enuresis autism spectrum disorder learning disorder and intellectual disability

ADHD definition

disorder characterized by inattention hyperactivity and impulsivity

ADHD symptom clusters

inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity

ADHD diagnosis requirement

one or both symptom clusters must be present

ADHD types combined

includes both inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity

ADHD type inattentive

primarily inattention symptoms

ADHD type hyperactive impulsive

primarily hyperactivity and impulsivity

ADHD prevalence

affects about 9 percent of children and adolescents

ADHD gender difference

more common in boys at about three times the rate of girls

ADHD persistence

about half continue to have symptoms into adulthood

Adult ADHD prevalence

about 4 percent of US adults

ADHD secondary characteristics academic

poor academic performance and lower tested IQ

ADHD secondary characteristics social

peer rejection unpopularity and social impairment

ADHD secondary characteristics self concept

low self esteem

ADHD etiology genetics

runs in families and linked to dopamine related genes

ADHD genes

D4 receptor gene dopamine transporter gene DAT1 and dopamine D5 receptor gene

ADHD medication mechanism

stimulant medications like Ritalin increase dopamine availability by inhibiting DAT1

Gene environment interaction ADHD

risk increases when genetic vulnerability combines with factors like maternal smoking during pregnancy

ADHD treatment biological

stimulant medications such as Ritalin Dexedrine and Adderall are highly effective

ADHD treatment behavioral

behavioral interventions used alongside medication

Multimodal treatment ADHD

combination of medication and behavioral therapy is most effective especially for social and emotional issues

DSM 5 ADHD updates adults

includes criteria and examples for adult diagnosis

DSM 5 ADHD symptom requirement

adults need 5 symptoms while children need 6

DSM 5 ADHD onset

symptoms must appear before age 12

Elimination disorders

involve inappropriate elimination behaviors such as urination

Enuresis definition

repeated involuntary urination usually at night after age 5

Enuresis primary

child has never achieved bladder control

Enuresis secondary

child was continent but relapsed after at least one year

Enuresis prevalence

affects 4 to 5 million children and adolescents in the US

Enuresis medical treatment

includes imipramine and desmopressin hormone therapy

Enuresis behavioral treatment

includes conditioning procedures such as alarms

Autism spectrum disorder ASD definition

developmental disorder involving social communication deficits and restricted repetitive behaviors

ASD prevalence

about 1 in 150 births

ASD gender differences

more common in females with low IQ but more common in males at higher IQ levels

ASD onset

symptoms typically appear before age 36 months

ASD intellectual functioning

40 to 55 percent fall in range of intellectual disability

ASD prognosis factors

better language skills and higher IQ predict better outcomes

DSM 5 ASD changes continuum

symptoms exist on a spectrum from mild to severe

DSM 5 ASD onset requirement

symptoms must begin in early childhood even if noticed later

ASD treatment overview

no cure but treatments reduce symptoms

ASD treatment medication

used for associated issues like anxiety depression and hyperactivity

ASD behavioral treatment

focuses on improving communication and social skills

Applied Behavior Analysis ABA

structured behavioral approach that teaches social motor and verbal skills

ABA purpose

helps individuals learn skills not naturally acquired

Learning disorders definition

delays in development of language speech math or motor skills

Learning disorders characteristics

not caused by neurological defects or lack of motivation

Learning disorders gender difference

more boys diagnosed than girls

Learning disorders identification

based on gap between expected and actual academic performance

Learning disorders intelligence

typically average IQ and normal exposure to education

Learning disorders examples

difficulties in reading writing spelling or math

Intellectual disability definition

deficits in general mental abilities including reasoning problem solving and learning

Intellectual disability onset

must begin before age 18

Intellectual disability prevalence

about 1 percent of population

Intellectual disability diagnosis criteria

IQ below 70 with impaired adaptive functioning

Intellectual disability levels

categorized into four levels based on severity

Intellectual disability mild

about 90 percent of cases

Intellectual disability course

chronic condition with varying prognosis