U3 SAC 3 2025

OLD PUBLIC HEALTH

Government actions Public health actions which focused on the physical environment and help reduce the spread of infectious diseases (E.G.. Implementing sewerage system, improved housing and work conditions)

OLD PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS

Providing safe water, sanitation and sewerage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions.

VACCINATION

Public health measure to help treat and reduce morbidity and mortality from a range of infectious diseases

QUARANTINE LAWS

Laws put in place to protect the population from disease outbreaks from other countries

HEALTH PROMOTION

Process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

NEW PUBLIC HEALTH

Also referred to as the Social Model of health

4 MODELS OF HEALTH

Old Public Health, Biomedical, Social, Ottawa Charter

BIOMEDICAL MODEL

Approach to healthcare that focuses on the physical and biological aspects of disease and illness, and includes the science of diagnosing, curing and treatment of disease

SOCIAL MODEL (New Public Health)

Approach to health that expands the traditional focus on an individual, rather one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments that impact on health. Also referred to the social model of health.

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL MODEL (Acronym)

A.R.E.A.S

A (Principle of the Social Model) - ADDRESSES THE BROADER DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

Addressing the Broader determinants of health - Acknowledges the influence of factors such as Gender/Culture/Race/Ethnicity/SES/Geographical Location/Physical Environment and the influence they can have on health status and health and wellbeing.

R (Principle of the Social Model) - REDUCING SOCIAL INEQUITIES

Acts to Reduce Social inequities - Reducing inequalities (E.g. Gender/Culture/Race/SES/Social Exclusion etc) that exist in order to promote physical activity and healthy lifestyles.

E (Principle of the Social Model) - EMPOWERING INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES

Empowering individuals and communities - Providing resources and skills to enable them to participate and make appropriate decisions to give them greater control over their health.

A (Principle of the Social Model) - ACTS TO ENABLE ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE

Acts to Enable access to healthcare - Having access to health care and information irrespective of cultural and language barriers, econcomic and geographical factors.

S (Principle of the Social Model) - INVOLVES INTESECTORIAL COLLABORATION

Involves Intersectorial collaboration - Integrated action between a number of stakeholders. For example Victorian Government and NGO's working to implement a number of initiatives.

OTTAWA CHARTER

Developed from the social model of health. It allows people to gain greater control over and enhance their health. Based on 5 key action areas and 3 principles (strategies)

STRATEGIES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION (Principles)

Enable, Mediate, Advocate

ENABLE

Ensuring people have equal opportunities to allow people to reach optimal health and wellbeing

MEDIATE

Coordinated action by all concerned to improve overall population health and wellbeing

ADVOCATE

Actions that seek to gain support to make changes for everyone. These actions can be Media campaigns, public speaking, conducting and publishing research

KEY ACTION AREAS OF THE OTTAWA CHARTER

B.C.S.D.R

BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY

Laws, rules, regulations that leads to improvement in health and wellbeing. E.g. Banning smoking in public places

CREATING SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS

Aims to promote a healthy physical and socio-cultural environment for all members of the community. E.g. Creating kids playgrounds with adequate shade

STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY ACTION

Communities working together to achieve a common goal. E.g. Whole school approach (School/teachers/parents/dieticians) to implementing a healthy canteen

DEVELOPING PERSONAL SKILLS

Gaining health related knowledge and life skills to allow people to make informed decisions. (E.g. Running healthy cooking classes to teach people about healthy eating)

REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES

Many stakeholders working together towards a health care system. (E.g. Dietician coming in and educating students about a healthy diet)

MEDICARE SERVICES (all or part subsidised)

GP visits, X-rays, Blood tests, Eye tests at optometrist, Some child dentistry, Accomodation and treatment in public hospital

WHAT SERVICES ARE NOT COVERED BY MEDICARE

Private hospital accomodation, Most dental, Home nursing, Ambulance services, Chiropractor, Massage, Physiotherapy, Acupuncture

MEDICARE

Australia's public universal health insurance scheme introduced in 1984 by the Federal Government. It's aim is to make quality health care more affordable and accesssible for all Australians.

MEDICARE LEVY SURCHARGE

Additional 1 - 1.5% on top of 2% levy placed on taxable income for individuals earning above a certain income. Only paid if these individuals don't have private health insurance

MEDICARE LEVY

2% tax placed on the taxable income of most tax payers to fund healthcare system

MEDICARE LEVY SURCHARGE

An additional 1-1.5% tax paid by high income earners who do not have private health insurance. The amount of tax paid depends on income.

SCHEDULE FEE

Amount Medicare will contribute to a health service

BULK BILLING

Where the Doctor bills Medicare directly and accepts the Medicare payment as full payment. Meaning there is no out of pocket expense for the patient

OUT OF POCKET EXPENSE (CO-PAYMENT)

If doctor charges more than the scheduled fee, the individual will have to pay the rest

MEDICARE SAFETY NET

Financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket expenses for Medicare services ($700/individual or $1000/family.) If you are eligible the government will make these medicare services cheaper for remainder of that year.

PHARMACEUTICAL BENEFITS SCHEME (PBS)

Introduced in 1948 to subsidise the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, to ensure access to vital medications at affordable prices

PBS SAFETY NET

To protect individuals/families who purchase alot of PBS listed medications, once they reach the safety net ($1494.90) they only have to pay a concessional co-payment rate ($6.30) rather than the $38.80.

NATIONAL DISABILITY INSURANCE SCHEME (NDIS)

Scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities and their families and carers

NDIS RESIDENCY ELIGIBILITY

1. Must be under 65 years old;

2. Must be Australian citizen/hold permanent visa 3. Must live in Australia

NDIS DISABILITY ELIGIBILITY

1. Must have a permanent impairment or condition; 2. Ability to participate in daily activities is substantially impacted;

3. Capacity for social and economic participation is affected;

4. Likely to require support for your lifetime

NDIS INDIVIDUALISED PLANS

Enables:

1. Access to mainstream support and services;

2. Access to community services and supports;

3. Access to informal support arrangements

4. Receive funded support

PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE (PHI)

There are two forms of PHI, they are private hospital cover and ancillary (extras) cover. Members pay a premium in return for subsidised towards services not covered by Medicare

PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE INCENTIVES

1. Lifetime health cover;

2. Private Health Insurance rebate;

3. Medicare Levy Surcharge;

PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE REBATE

Initiative to encourage purchasing private health insurance that is income/age tested

LIFETIME HEALTH COVER

Encourages people to take out hospital insurance earlier in life (Before 31). If you choose to take up PHI after this age, you pay a 2% loading on top of the cost of the health insurance for every year they are aged over 30

IMPLEMENTING AN EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA NEEDS TO TARGET:

Funding, Sustainability, Access, Equity

FUNDING

Financial resources that are provided to keep the healthcare system adequately staffed and resourced

SUSTAINABILITY

Capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure and to be innovative and responsive to emerging needs

ACCESSIBLE

Providing all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not ability to pay

EQUITY

Providing equal access when required

POPULATION HEALTH ISSUES

Smoking, Road Safety, Skin Cancer

APPROACHES/INITIATIVES TO HEALTHY EATING

Australian Dietary Guidelines, The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating

AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINES (Overview)

1. Provide information for general population, educators, health professionals regarding healthy food choices;

2. Minimise risk of development of diet related diseases , such as diabetes, obesity or hypertension etc;

3. Highlight the groups of foods and lifestyle patterns that support good nutrition;

4. Provide advice regarding food intake for various people (Pregnant women/Indigenous population/Vegetarians)

AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINE 1

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs

AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINE 2

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five food groups every day

AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINE 3

Limit intake of foods containing saturate fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol

AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINE 4

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINE 5

Care for your food, prepare and store it safely

AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO HEALTHY EATING (Overview)

Food selection model incorporated as part of the dietary guidelines (ADG 2/3). Provides clear guidance about proportions of food that should be consumed from the 5 core food groups consistent with the ADG. Demonstrates importance of consuming a variety of foods and gives individual the ability to assess their diet. Advised to consume 'Plenty of water' and consume 'small amounts of Mono/Polyunsaturated fats' whilst limiting "Discretionary foods' such as soft drinks, sweets, alcohol and full cream products

AGHE GRAIN FOOD GROUP official name

Grain (Cereal) foods, mostly wholegrain and/or high cereal fibre varieties

AGHE VEGETABLE FOOD GROUP official name

Vegetables and legumes/beans

AGHE FRUIT FOOD GROUP official name

Fruit

AGHE DAIRY FOOD GROUP official name

Milk, Yoghurt, Cheese and/or alternatives, mostly reduced fat

AGHE MEAT FOOD GROUP official name

Lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans

CHALLENGES THAT BRING ABOUT NUTRITIONAL CHANGE

Various factors include Sociocultural (Education, income, family peer group), Environmental (Work environment, geographic location, housing environment), Commercial (Packaging and labelling, distribution and affordability, supply chains, lobbying), Personal (H & W considerations, willpower, attitudes and beliefs)

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

Medicare, PBS, Regulation of private health insurance, Quarantine services, Development of National health policies and Management of national health programs

ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER GUIDE TO HEALTHY EATING

Similar to AGHE but adapted to create a version that is more culturally relevant. Foods relevant such as damper, kangaroo, goanna and bush fruits and vegetables.

SOCIAL JUSTICE

Social justice relates to fairness within society. It is the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities and privileges in society.

SOCIAL JUSTICE (Principles)

(HAPE) - Human Rights, Access, Participation and Equity

EVALUATING INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER HEALTH

C.L.E.A.A.R.