DRSC 4301- Scientific Inquiry in Rehab Sci Questions with 100% correct answers + detailed rationales

What is Evidence Based Practice?

making decisions based on the best available information. It means using research, your own experience, and the preferences of the people you're helping to choose the best way to act. Think of it like this:

Research Evidence: What does the best research say?

Clinical Expertise: What have you learned from your own experience?

Patient Preferences: What do the people you're helping prefer or need?

"The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients"

What are the Goals of Research?

Improve the "knowledge base" of a field

-testing theories

-identifying mechanisms

-improving clinical outcomes and patient care

-enhancing clinical decision making

-promotes clinician's lifelong learning

-Better clinical practice

-Patients better sooner and faster evidence based focus

What is the 5 Step EBM Model for Evidence Users (Consumers)

Ask: formulate the question

Acquire: evidence-search for answers

Appraise: the evidence for quality and relevance

Apply the results

Assess the outcome

What is Null Hypotheses?

A statement that there is no effect or no difference in the situation you're studying. It's like saying, "Nothing is happening"

Ex. If you're testing a new drug to see if it lowers blood pressure, the null hypothesis would be: "The new drug has no effect on blood pressure." In other words, it assumes the drug doesn't make any difference compared to no treatment.

What is Alternate Hypothesis?

the hypothesis that there is actually a difference between the two means and that the variance was not only be chance

Ex. If you're testing a new drug to see if it lowers blood pressure, the alternate hypothesis would be: "The new drug lowers blood pressure." This suggests that the drug does have an effect and is different from no treatment.

What is Population in research?

Group of subjects or things

-meet specified characteristics

How can we describe a population? 2 things

-Measures of Central Tendency

-Dispersion or Variability

What is Measure of Central Tendency?

These are numbers that show what's "typical" in the population. Examples include the mean (average), median (middle value), and mode (most common value).

What is Dispersion or Variability?

These show how spread out or varied the data is. Examples include range (difference between the highest and lowest values), variance, and standard deviation.

What is Normal Population Distribution?

When the data forms a bell-shaped curve, where most people or things are around the average, with fewer at the extremes.

What is a Non-normal Population Distribution

When the data doesn't form a bell-shaped curve and might be skewed to one side or have more than one peak. It is not normal.

What is Descriptive hyperthesis

W

What is Causal hypotheses

What is Ho?

Null Hypothesis

There is a Difference in shoulder range of motion for patients receiving treatment A when compared to patients receiving treatment B

What is Ha?

Alternative hypothesis

What is Inclusion Citeria?

Have the characterstics-included in the population

What is Exclusion Criteria?

Characteristics that cannot be met to be in the study population- excluded from the population

What is Target Population?

The target population is a group of individuals who meet a particular set of sampling criteria, such as: female, 18 years or older, new diagnosis of type II diabetes, not on insulin.

What is Accessible Population?

The portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher, from which a sample is drawn

What is Distribution Plot- Histogram?

Describes data across an entire population plotted on y and x axes

What is the X axis

Numberical value of observation

What is Y axis

Frequency of observation

the vertical line on a coordinate grid

What 3 things make up Clinical Decision Making

Research, Clinical Expertise, Patient Preferences

What is Mean, Median, Mode?

-Mean: average of a set of numbers (eg. 1+2+3=6/3 = 2)

-Median is the middle most number (eg, 1,2,3 =2)

-Mode is the most frequent number (eg. 1,2,3,3,3 = 3).

What is Homogenous?

that spike

What is Hetergenous?

Wider

What is Bimodal?

2 points

non-normal population

What is Positively Skewed?

More scores at the lower end of the scale

long tail on the right

non-normal population

What is Negatively Skewed?

More scores at the higher end of the scale

long tail on the left

Why use an association?

-discovering new relationships

-examining the relationship between two vairables that have not been studied before

-the key difference is the absence of manipulation

What is the Pearson product moment correlation (r) (correlation coefficient)?

its capable only to represent linear relationship between two continous variables

Explain

1

0

1 is a perfect relationship

0 is the absence of a relationship

(null hypothesis r=0)

What is the coefficient of determination (R2)?

the square of r and reflects shared variance between two variables

What would you define a straight line starting from the y axis and going down?

perfect negative relationship

r= -1

What would you define scattered plots?

no correlation

r=0

What are some important things to keep in mind about Correlation?

- doesnt indicate causation

-only tests linear association

- they express direction and magnitude of the relationship

-no clear definition for what is a "strong" or "weak" correlation

What is the Cohen scale?

0.10 small

0.30 moderate

0.50 large

What is the Portney and Watkins scale?

- 0.00-0.25 "little or no relationship"

- 0.26--0.50 "fair degree of relationship"

-0.51-0.75 "moderate to goodrelationship"\

-0.76-1.00 "good to excellent Relationship