5. Inorganic Compounds and Medicinal Chemistry

Exactly 600 flashcards based on the provided inorganic chemistry and pharmacology transcript.

What is the reactivity of Group I-A alkali metals with water?

They react vigorously to form hydrogen gas and metallic hydroxides.

How does alkalinity change in Group I-A as the ionic radius increases?

Alkalinity increases as the ionic radius increases.

What is the valence configuration of Group I-A alkali metals?

They have only 1 valence electron ($ns^1$).

What is the charge of a Group I-A alkali metal ion?

A single positive charge ($+1$).

Which group of metallic elements is considered the most reactive?

Group I-A.

What is the trend for oxidation and ionization potentials in Group I-A?

Increasing oxidation potentials with increasing ionization potentials except for Lithium.

How do activity and alkalinity correlate with atomic number in Group I-A?

Both activity and alkalinity increase with increasing atomic number.

How does the degree of solution change with atomic number in Group I-A?

Degree of solution decreases with increasing atomic number.

Which Group I-A member has the highest activity?

Francium (Fr).

What are the two common nicknames for Hydrogen (H)?

'Inflammable Air' and 'Flammable Air'.

What is the lightest element?

Hydrogen (H).

Does Hydrogen (H) have therapeutic uses?

No therapeutic use.

Name a non-therapeutic use for Hydrogen gas.

Inflating balloons.

What is the most abundant isotope of Hydrogen?

Protium.

Which Hydrogen isotope is known as 'heavy hydrogen'?

Deuterium.

What is the radioactive isotope of Hydrogen?

Tritium.

What form of water is considered the best expectorant?

Water Vapor.

What process can obtain 99% purity hydrogen?

Messerschmidt process.

What is the nickname for Lithium (Li)?

'Earth'.

What is the lightest metal?

Lithium (Li).

Which metal has the lowest density?

Lithium (Li).

Which alkali metal is the only one that melts above the boiling point of water?

Lithium (Li).

Which element does Lithium resemble as a 'bridge element'?

Magnesium (Mg), and to some extent Calcium (Ca).

What are the pharmacologic actions of Lithium?

Depressant and Diuretic.

What is a nonpharmacologic use for Lithium in cooling systems?

Heat exchanger in air conditioning.

What is the therapeutic indication for Lithium Carbonate ($LiCO_3$)?

Drug of Choice (DOC) for Mania.

What is the use of Lithium Bromide ($LiBr$)?

Depressant.

What is the Latin name for Sodium?

Natrium.

Which cation is the most abundant in Extracellular Fluid?

Sodium ($Na$).

Why is Sodium the cation of choice for organic medicaments?

To optimize pharmaceutical utility.

Why must Sodium be used with caution in cardiac and renal conditions?

It causes Sodium-water retention ($Na-H_2O$ retention), which is problematic in edema.

Name the three Triple Acetates that form insoluble salts with Sodium.

Zinc Uranyl Acetate, Magnesium Uranyl Acetate, and Cobalt Uranyl Acetate.

What cations are present in Sodium Triple Acetates?

$Co$, $Zn$, and $Mg$.

What is the pharmacologic action associated with Sodium?

Fluid Retention.

What are the components of Benedict's Reagent listed in the notes?

$Na_2CO_3$, $Na_3C_6H_5O_7$.

What are the components of Fehling's Solution?

$NaKC_4H_4O_6$ and $NaOH$.

What is Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ($NaH_2PO_4$) also known as?

'Fleet Enema'.

What are the uses of Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ($NaH_2PO_4$)?

Cathartic and Urinary Acidifier.

What is the role of Sodium Bisulfite ($NaHSO_3$) in pharmacy?

Water soluble Antioxidant.

List the uses for Sodium Acetate ($NaCH_3COO$).

Diuretic, Urinary alkalinizer, Antacid, and Alkalinizing agent in Benedicts Solution.

What is the nickname for Sodium Bicarbonate ($NaHCO_3$)?

'Baking Soda'.

What clinical uses does Sodium Bicarbonate ($NaHCO_3$) have?

Systemic Antacid, Antidote for Zinc Poisoning, and Carbonating Agent for effervescent preparations.

What are the side effects (SE) of Sodium Bicarbonate ($NaHCO_3$)?

Rebound Hyperacidity, Systemic Alkalosis, and Edema.

What is the purpose of liberating $CO_2$ in effervescent preparations?

To enhance palatability.

What are the uses of Sodium Carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$)?

Antacid, Carbonating Agent, and a source of Carbonate Ion.

What are the different names for Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$)?

'Rock salt', 'Table Salt', and 'Solar Salt'.

What is Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$) used for in cases of iodism?

More rapid elimination of iodine.

What are the general uses of Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$)?

Electrolyte replenisher, Preservative, and Condiment.

What is the composition of Ringer's Solution?

$Na$, $Ca$, and $K$.

What are the uses for Sodium Citrate ($Na_3C_6H_5O_7$)?

Anticoagulant, Diuretic, treatment for Chronic Acidosis, Buffer, Alkalinizer, and expectorant.

What is the potential side effect of Sodium Citrate ($Na_3C_6H_5O_7$)?

It can cause bleeding.

What is the pharmacologic use of Sodium Fluoride ($NaF$)?

Anticariogenic (prevents dental caries).

What are common names for Sodium Hydroxide ($NaOH$)?

'Caustic Soda', 'Lye', and 'Sosa'.

How is Sodium Hydroxide ($NaOH$) used in soap making?

As a saponifying agent.

What are the common names for Sodium Hypochlorite ($NaClO$)?

'Chlorox®' and 'Bleaching Powder'.

What is the function of Modified Dakin's Solution?

Antiseptic.

What is the function of Dakin's Solution?

Disinfectant.

What is the concentration of Sodium Hypochlorite Topical Solution?

$0.025\%$.

What are the uses for Sodium Iodide ($NaI$)?

Expectorant, Iodine Solubilizer, and Antifungal.

What is the use of Sodium Lactate ($NaC_3H_5O_3$)?

Antiketogenic, Electrolyte Replenisher, Antacid, and Diuretic.

What is Sodium Metaphosphate also known as?

Graham's Salt.

What are the medical uses for Sodium Nitrite ($NaNO_2$)?

Vasodilator and Antidote for Cyanide Poisoning.

What is Sodium Nitrate ($NaNO_3$) aka, and what is its use?

'Chile Salt Peter'; Meat Preservative.

What is the nickname and use for Sodium Sulfate ($NaSO_3$)?

'Glauber's Salt'; Cathartic (Note: Transcript formula is $NaSO_3$).

What is the primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent ($Method I$)?

Sodium Tartrate ($Na_2C_4H_4O_6$).

What is Sodium Thiocyanate ($NaSCN$) used for?

Hypotensive agent.

What are common names for Sodium Thiosulfate ($Na_2S_2O_4$)?

'Hypochlor' and 'Photographer’s Hypo'.

How is Sodium Thiosulfate used in poisoning?

Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning with Sodium Nitrate.

What is the use of Disodium Calcium EDTA in pharmacy?

Stabilizer used for silver protein compounds.

When is Sodium Metabisulfite used?

When Sodium bisulfate is specified.

What is the Latin name for Potassium?

Kalium.

Which cation is the most predominant intracellular cation?

Potassium ($K$).

What is the result of severe potassium deficiency (Hypokalemia)?

Muscular Paralysis.

Which fruit has the highest Potassium level according to the notes?

Avocado.

What are the pharmacologic actions of Potassium ($K$)?

Diuretic and Muscular Contraction.

What are the uses for Potassium Acetate ($KCH_3COO$)?

Diuretic, Urinary alkalinizer, and Antacid.

What is the name for Potassium Arsenite solution?

'Fowler’s Solution'.

What are the nicknames for Potassium Aluminum Sulfate ($KAl(SO_4)_2$)?

'Potassium Alum', 'Potash Alum', and 'Tawas'.

What is the function of Potassium Bicarbonate ($KHCO_3$)?

Systemic Antacid, Carbonating Agent for effervescent preparations, and a source of Bicarbonate ion.

What is Potassium Bitartrate ($KC_4H_5O_6$) also known as, and what is its use?

'Cream of Tartar' or 'Creamor'; Laxative.

What is the use of Potassium Bromide ($KBr$) in analysis?

Used for IR Analysis.

What is the medical use of Potassium Bromide ($KBr$)?

Depressant.

What are the common names for Potassium Carbonate ($K_2CO_3$)?

'Potash', 'Salt of Peter', and 'Pearl ash'.

What is Potassium Chlorate ($KClO_3$) aka, and what is its action?

'Bertholate Salt'; Oxidizing agent.

Why is Potassium Chlorate used in toothpaste, gargles, and mouthwashes?

Due to its deodorant action.

What is the clinical use of Potassium Chloride ($KCl$)?

Electrolyte Replenisher.

What must be noted about the administration of Potassium Chloride ($KCl$)?

Administer by SLOW PUSH; IV Push is used in Lethal Injection.

What are the clinical uses for Potassium Citrate ($K_3C_6H_5O_7$)?

Diuretic, Expectorant, and Diaphoretic.

What are common names for Potassium Hydroxide ($KOH$)?

'Caustic Potash', 'Lye Potash'.

What kind of soap does Potassium Hydroxide ($KOH$) produce?

Liquid or soft soap.

What are the uses of Potassium Iodide ($KI$)?

Expectorant, Iodine Solubilizer, and Antifungal.

What are the nicknames for Potassium Nitrate ($KNO_3$)?

'Salt Peter', 'Salt Prunelle', and 'Salitre'.

What is the common name for Potassium Permanganate ($KMnO_4$)?

'Mineral Chameleon'.

What is Potassium Permanganate ($KMnO_4$) used as an antidote for?

Strychnine Poisoning.

What are the primary and secondary standards for Potassium Permanganate ($KMnO_4$) VS?

Primary Standard: Sodium Oxalate; Secondary Standard: Oxalic Acid.

What is Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ($KH_2PO_4$) used for?

Cathartic.

What is the common name for Potassium Sodium Tartrate ($KNaC_4H_4O_6$)?

'Rochelle Salt' or 'Sal Signette'.

What are the uses for Potassium Sodium Tartrate ($KNaC_4H_4O_6$)?

Cathartic and Sequestering Agent.

What is the use of Potassium Thiocyanate ($KSCN$)?

Hypotensive agent.

What is 'Liver of Sulfur' and what is it used for?

Sulfurated Potash ($K_2SO_4/(K_2S_x)_2$); treated for Psoriasis.