Anatomy & Physiology I: Skeletal System

These flashcards cover the main concepts, functions, types, structures, and growth processes related to the skeletal system as outlined in the lecture notes.

Functions of Bones

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and growth factor storage, Hematopoiesis, Triglyceride storage, Hormone production

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk.

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the limbs and their attachments.

Long Bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the humerus.

Short Bones

Bones that are approximately cube-shaped, such as the talus.

Flat Bones

Bones that are thin and flat, such as the sternum.

Irregular Bones

Bones that have complex shapes, such as vertebrae.

Gross Structure of Bones

The bone anatomy that is visible to the naked eye.

Microscopic Structure of Bones

The bone anatomy that is not visible to the naked eye.

Chemical Structure of Bones

The composition of bone, including soft organic and hard inorganic components.

Osteogenesis

The process of bone tissue formation.

Endochondral Ossification

A method of ossification where bone replaces hyaline cartilage.

Intramembranous Ossification

A method of ossification where bone develops from mesenchyme.

Interstitial Growth

The lengthening of bones through growth in the epiphyseal plate.

Appositional Growth

The thickening of bones that occurs throughout life.

Hormone Regulation in Bone Growth

Growth hormone, Thyroid hormone, Estrogen, and Testosterone control bone growth.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells known as 'Builders.'

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells referred to as 'Chewers.'

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Compact Bone

Bone organized into Osteons (Haversian systems).

Spongy Bone

Bone organized into Trabeculae and contains red bone marrow.

Endochondral Ossification

Process where bone replaces hyaline cartilage, typical for most bones.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone development from fibrous membranes, as seen in the skull and clavicles.

Bone Remodeling

Balance of calcium levels in the blood, regulated by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin.

Axial Skeleton

Consists of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of 126 bones, comprising the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.

Synarthroses

Immovable joints such as sutures in the skull.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints, like intervertebral discs.

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints, such as the shoulder and knee.

Synovial Joints

The most common and complex joints, featuring an articular capsule, joint cavity, and synovial fluid.

Plane Joints

Gliding joints, exemplified by the carpals.

Hinge Joints

Allow flexion and extension, such as the elbow.

Pivot Joints

Allow rotation, as seen in the atlanto-axial joint.

Ball-and-Socket Joints

The most mobile type of joint, found in the shoulder and hip.