History 104 Final

Central Powers (WWI)

Austria and Germany

Allies (WWI)

Britain, France, Russia, Japan, later U.S

Axis (WWII)

Germany, Italy, Japan

Allies (WWII)

U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, France

German offensive strategy (WWI)

Schlieffen Plan: quick defeat of France before Russia could mobilize

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Harsh peace treaty forcing Germany to accept blame, pay reparations, and lose territory

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany, responsible for WWII expansion and Holocaust

Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy

Totalitarianism

Government with total control over public + private life

Militarism

Belief in building strong military power

Nazism / Nazi Party

German fascist political movement led by Hitler
Nazi Party

Communism

Classless system where property is shared; government controls economy

Self-determination

Idea that nations should choose their own governments

Panzers

German tanks used in WWII blitzkrieg tactics

Final Solution

Nazi plan to exterminate Jewish people

Propaganda

Information used to influence public opinion

Appeasement

Giving in to aggressors to avoid war (Britain/France vs Hitler)

Atomic Bomb

Nuclear weapon dropped on Japan ending WWII

Manhattan Project

U.S. program that developed the atomic bomb

Pacific Theater WWII

War between U.S. and Japan in the Pacific region

Imperial Japan

Militarist empire that expanded across Asia

Stalingrad

Major WWII battle where Germany was defeated by USSR

Cold War

U.S. vs Soviet Union ideological conflict and compitition between global superpowers for technological superiority (no direct war)

Containment

U.S. policy to stop spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

U.S. support for countries resisting communism

Marshall Plan

U.S. economic aid to rebuild Europe

NATO

Military alliance of Western democracies. Signed a treaty with U.S. during Cold War. Partners against communism.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet military alliance of Eastern Europe. Handfull of eastern european countries. Communist verson of NATO.

Mutual deterrence

Both sides avoid war due to fear of nuclear destruction

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nuclear standoff between U.S. and USSR in Cuba

Domino Theory

Idea that if one country falls to communism, others will follow (Vietnam War)

Bay of Pigs

Failed U.S. invasion of Cuba

Viet Cong

Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin

Incident that escalated U.S. involvement

Big Three / Grand Alliance

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin

Tehran Conference

Allied leaders planned WWII strategy

Yalta Conference

Plans for post-war Europe

Potsdam Conference

Final WWII Allied meeting

Détente

Easing Cold War tensions

Brezhnev Doctrine

USSR policy to intervene in communist countries

Roosevelt’s New Deal

Programs to recover from Great Depression

Truman Doctrine / Marshall Plan

Anti-communism + rebuilding Europe. Set aside 13 billion for econimic recovery of war-torn europe

Brown v. Board of Education

Ended school segregation

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Ended legal segregation

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Protected voting rights

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Nonviolent civil rights leader

Rosa Parks

Refused to give up bus seat

Malcolm X

Advocated Black empowerment

JFK

Cuban Missile Crisis leader

LBJ

Civil Rights legislation

Nixon

Watergate scandal

Watergate

Political spying scandal leading to Nixon’s resignation

Ronald Reagan

U.S. president during late Cold War

Margaret Thatcher

UK conservative prime minister

Mikhail Gorbachev

Leader who ended Cold War USSR

Charles de Gaulle

Leader of Free France

Lenin

Founder of Soviet state

Stalin

Dictator of USSR

Trotsky

Revolutionary rival to Stalin

Fascism

Authoritarian nationalism

Existentialism

Focus on meaning, freedom, and individual choice

Feminism

Movement for gender equality

Postmodernism

Idea that truth is subjective

Triangular Diplomacy

1970s foreign policy strategy developed by Henry Kissinger and President Nixon to manage Cold War tensions (hostility between China and the Soviet Union) to improve relations with both powers

New World Order

Post-Cold War global cooperation concept

Camp David

Peace talks (Israel-Egypt agreement)

Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence through nonviolence