Psychology

Chapter 4 Sleep

Conciousness

The state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, thoughts, and surroundings. Consciousness involves various levels of awareness and can include wakefulness, perception, and the ability to respond to stimuli.

stage 1 sleep

<span>The transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by light sleep where the person can be easily awakened. In stage 1 sleep, brain activity begins to slow down and may include brief muscle contractions as well as theta waves.</span>

stage 2 sleep

<span>A deeper stage of sleep following stage 1, characterized by the presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes on an electroencephalogram (EEG). This stage is associated with increased relaxation and reduced sensitivity to external stimuli.</span>

stage 3 sleep

<span>The stage of sleep characterized by slow-wave activity, marked by delta waves on an EEG. It is the deepest sleep stage and plays a critical role in physical recovery, growth, and immune function, making it harder to awaken the individual.</span>

rem sleep

<span>A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement (REM), increased brain activity resembling wakefulness, and vivid dreaming. the body is generally paralyzed to prevent acting out dreams, and it plays a crucial role in memory consolidation and emotional regulation.</span>

unconscious wish fulfillment theory

<span>A psychoanalytic concept suggesting that dreams are a manifestation of repressed desires and unfulfilled wishes, particularly those that are socially unacceptable or impossible in waking life. This theory, proposed by Sigmund Freud, highlights the symbolic nature of dreams as a way to process unresolved conflicts.</span>

dreams for survival theory

The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.

activation synthesis theory

Hobson’s theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain.

circadian rhythms

Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle.

daydreams

Fantasies that people construct while awake.

hypnosis

A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.

meditation

A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.