APHUG 7.1-7.3

Industry

economic activities that produce goods and services especially manufacturing and related services

Cottage industry

early system where families produced goods like textiles in their homes often using simple tools

local markets

work being spread out, small-scale, and closely tied to ______

Raw Materials

Early production depended heavily on nearby _______

Primary Sector

Extracting raw materials

Secondary Sector

turning raw materials into products

teriary sector

services

quaternary sector

knowledge and information work

industrial revolution

period of technological and economic change when production moves to factories using machines and new energy sources

Mechanization

increased output, lowered costs, and expanded the market beyond local areas to regional and global consumers

Multiplier effect

industrial growth created ____: one new factory job can generate additional jobs in supporting services

Improved transportation caused what to happen

allowed reduced friction of distance, allowing raw materials to reach factories and finished goods to reach markets

What caused industrialization to diffuse unevenly

different places having different accesses to energy capital labor and infrastructure

Agglomeration economies

industrial regions which cluster nearby each other in order for cost savings and advantages

Historic clustering

industrial belt, a zone with dense manufacturing transportation networks and large labor forces

least cost theory

minimizing costs especially transportation labor and agglomeration benefits

What is the key three points which the locational triangle model visualizes?

A source of raw materials, a market, and a labor location where workers are available or affordable

what does the decisions of location reflect besides economics

infrastructure quality, political stability, and regulations

transportation

shapes where factories go especially when goods are heavy or hard to move

bulk reducing industries

lose weight or volume during production

bulk gaining industries

increase weight or volume during production

break of bulk

point where cargo is transferred from one mode of transportation to another

labor oriented industry

locates where labor is cheaper, more abailable, or highly skilled depending on the type of produciton

Modern industry

inputs or outputs are light digital or easy to ship

front offices

high-skull client-facing decision-making often in major cities

back offices

support tasks data processing billing customer service often placed where costs are lower

(GDP) Goss Domestic Product

Total value of goods and services produced within a country

(GNP) Gross National Product

Total value produced by a country’s residents or companies including income from abroad

(GNI) Gross National Income

A broad measure of income earned by a country’s people and businesses closely related to GNP in many contexts

Per capita

means per person used to compare averages across countries of different sizes eg GDP “_____”

Purchasing Power Parity

Adjusts for differences in cost of living helping compare what money can actually buy in different places

what can the GDP, GNP, GNI, Per capita, and purchasing power parity help describe and also hide?

“economic development | Inequality and non-market activity”

Formal Sector

Regulated taxed jobs with legal protection, contracts, minimum wage, laws benefits

informal sector

Unegulated or untaxed work labor often important for survival in lower-income contexts

Economic averages

can mask inequality so geographers use additional measures

Gini coefficient

measures income inequallity, higher value = more unequal distribution

Life expectancy

reflects health outcomes and access to care

Literacy rate

indicates educational access and human capital development

Gender gap

Refers to disparities in opportunities and outcomes between genders across educaiotn income health and political power

(GII) Gender inequality index

Summarizes gender-based disadvantages in reproductive health empowerment and labor participation

(HDI) Human development index

combines income education and health indicators to estimate overall human development

modern logistics

allows some industries to become more footloose