Human Bio - organelles + membrane

Rough ER function

Where chemical reactions take place

Ribosomes function

Site of protein synthesis

Mitochondria function

Powerhouse of a cell

Site if cellular respiration and ATP production

why do some cells have more mitochondria

Cells with higher metabolic energy require more energy meaning more production of ATP

Lysosomes function

small spheres formed from golgi apparatus

creates digestive enzymes that releases sells waste and pathogens (acts as waste disposal)

Smooth ER function

Lacks ribosomes esponsible for lipid synthesis and metabolism

nucleolus function

contains RNA and regulates production of proteins

Nucleus function

Contains DNA and regulates metabolism and reproduction

Centioles function

Appears during cell division ( mitosis and meiosis )

Golgi Body function

packages proteins for secretion out of the cell

Cell membrane function

Protects the contents of the cells - controlling what leaves and enters

What is Cytoplasm

Thick fluid within the cell, that organelles are suspended in

What is the cytoskeleton

micro-fragments that provide the cell structure assisting movement of organelles and materials in the cell.

What is the cytosol

The liquid portion of cytoplasm containing salts and carbohydrates

What are inclusions and give an example

Substances that aren’t apart of the cell structure but are located in the cytoplasm

e.g hemoglobin in red blood cells

What is Cell Theory

States that all organisms are made of cells.

What is the difference between Cilla and Flagella

Cilla - numerous, short Fine projections on the outside of a cell membrane

Flagella - few, longer fine projections on the on the cell membrane (sperm cell)

What are nuclear pores

Allow large molecules such as messenger RNA to leave and enter nucleus

What are vesicles and where are they formed

At the edges of the membranes of the Golgi body

What is the top and bottom half of a phospholipid bilayer called

The head that is hydrophilic (water-loving)

The tail that is hydrophobic (water-hating)

What does amphipathic mean

molecule consisting of a polar head and none polar tail such as phospholipid bilayers

what are the difference functions of a cell membrane

Acts as a physical barrier

where and what is the function of cholestrol

Found wedged between the phospholipids.

If the temp increases inside a cell what happends

cholesterol keeps phospholipids together stopping them from becoming to fuild

If the temp decreases inside a cell what happens

cholesterol acts as spacers keeping them from becoming to packed

What does it mean by Isomtonic

Same solute concentration in both intercellular and extracellular fluids

What does it mean by Hypertonic describing the osmotic pressure

higher solute conc in extracellular fluid causing water to leave the cell (shrinking).

What does Hypotonic mean when describing the osmotic pressure

lower solute conc in intercellular fluid causing water to enter the cell (swelling)

What is simple diffusion

movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a semipermeable membrane ( along gradient)

What is diffusion

movement of particles (Liquid or gas) from high to low conc

what is Facilitated transport

process where special proteins are used for transport across the cell membrane

Vesicular transport

where materials are moved in membrane-bound sacs.

what subtances can more through diffusion.

alcohol, steroids and other fat soluble substances

how does a high conc gradient effect diffusion

the greater the rate of diffusion

What is net diffusion

movement of liquid or gas molecules from places of higher to lower concentration, along a concentration gradient

Why is oxygen and carbon dioxide diffused though bio-layer

Oxygen diffuses because it used up inside the cell for respiration.

Carbon dioxide is produced inside the cell by respiration there will

What is Osmosis

water will move to an area where a solute (sugar) is in high conc

What is osmotic pressure.

pressure due to the differences in conc either side of

a differentially permeable membrane

What is facilitated diffusion

process where proteins allow the movement of substances

through the cell membrane along the conc gradient

What is active transport

Movement of substances through carrier proteins against conc gradient

What is vesicular transport

transport of materials into or out of a cell in membrane-

bound sacs

What is endocytosis

taking liquid or solids into the cell by vesicular transport

Steps of endocytosis

cell membrane folds around droplet of liquid or solid particle until completely enclosed.

What is Exocytosis

contents of a vesicle inside the cell are passed to the outside

steps of Exocytosis

A vesicle ormed inside the cell migrates to the cell membrane and fuses with it