Unit 4.3 Day 30 Learning Objectives

Diabetes Type V

diabetes definition

chronic cond. that occurs when pancreas no longer makes insulin or body cannot use insulin

diabetes mellitus (refers to excess urination + sugar in urine)

formally recognized types of diabetes

type I

type II

gestational

type V

non-formally recognized types of diabetes

type III

type IV

why are some types nonrecognized

low prevalence

lack of research

complex overlapping symptoms

misdiagnosed

type I diabetes overview

pancreas prod. little to no INS (deficient)

genetic

autoimmune effect (many autoimmune dis. assoc. w/ it)

typically diagnosed in children (rise in 20+ diagnoses)

requires insulin injections

type I diabetes symptoms

excess thirst + urination

excess hunger

hyperglycemia +/or hypoglycemia

weight loss

blurry vision

fatigue

neuropathy

type II diabetes overview

90% of diabetes pop. have this type

cells are resistant to INS

body makes lots of INS to compensate (exhausts pancreas)

lifestyle + diet relation

comm. DX in older adults (becoming more comm. in children + YA)

type II diabetes symptoms

excess thirst + urination

excess hunger

hyperglycemia (more common) +/or hypoglycemia

blurry vision

fatigue

slow healing

neuropathy

gestational diabetes overview

during pregnancy

placental H interfere w/ INS use, gestational parent develops resistance (some resistance=normal, too much=GD)

typically resolves after birth, linked to type II afterwards (esp. in older parents)

inc. risk of fetus/child developing type II in life

gestational diabetes symptoms

excess thirst + urination

excess hunger

hyperglycemia

fatigue

blurry vision

nausea

neuropathy

type III overview

suggested alt. name for Alzheimer’s

link btw Alzheimer’s to INS + IGF reistance + dysfunction

controversial + not recognized by medical community

type IV overview

age related - INS resistant devel. in older adults who aren’t over/underweight

only studies in mice so far

type V diabetes overview

malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM) or maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

result of chronic malnutrition in childhood

lack of prop. nutrition in childhood = underdeveloped pancreas

underdevel pancreas cant make enough INS to support body needs

type V diabetes symptoms

excess thirst + urination

excess hunger

fatigue

weight loss

hyperglycemia

neuropathy

history of type V diabetes

known for ~70 yrs

first seen in Jamaica (J-type diabetes)

• few underweight individuals needed high insulin doses + recognized as type V

lead to research on malnutrition + long term effects (but type V not studied more)

legally recognized by Jamaica in 1955 + WHO in 1985

removed in 1999 due to lack of data

most cases in countries w/ high poverty + child/adolescent malnutrition

primarily studied in SE asia + sub-saharan africa

• affects these groups more than others (unknown if due to sampling or knowledge gaps related to other regions)

current state of type V diabetes

formal recognition by international diabetes federation at world diabetes congress in Bangkok in April 2025

gap in knowledge (studying in regions other than SE asia + sub-saharan Africa)

• studying in americas (high rates of poverty)

not linked to autoimmune disorders + most people chronically UNDERweight

genetic testing + counseling to diagnose

IDF devleophing diagnostic criteria + screening approaches (2027)

case study (not type I or V)

diabetes result of side effect of mitochondrial disorder

single base sub. of A>G on MT-TL1 gene affects tRNA for leucine

comm. affect: heart, eyes, kidneys, endo system + more

results in pathologies (including maternally inherited diabetes + deafness (MIDD))